Configuration and Implementation of MPLS QoS in Uniform Mode and Short Pipe Mode Operation

The topology that depicts the configuration and implementation of Uniform and Short Pipe modes is shown in Figure 13-13. The network consists of two CE routers, CE1-A and CE2-A, belonging to Customer A's VPN (VPNA). The SP network consists of two PE routers, PE1-AS1 and PE2-AS1, connected to CE1-A and CE2-A, respectively. OSPF PE to CE has been implemented on these routers, and it is assumed that the VPN has been configured prior to implementing the QoS parameters. Only the configurations pertaining to QoS have been depicted for brevity.

Figure 13-13. MPLS QoS Configuration Topology

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The traffic profile from the traffic generator consists of three simultaneous streams, each with different IP Precedence values, as shown in Figure 13-13. Each traffic generator port sends packets at an aggregate rate of 1 Mbps and each stream consists of 100,000 packets for an aggregate of 300,000 packets generated per port on the traffic generator. The CE routers, upon receiving this traffic, either police or perform CBWFQ-LLQ and forward the packets to their attached PE routers. The PE routers classify ingress packets from the CE routers based on their associated IP Precedence values. Upon classification, the PE router then marks each IP packet with a corresponding MPLS EXP value on egress to map QoS in the IP domain to MPLS QoS. All changes (re-marking) in the core from a MPLS EXP perspective are propagated in the label stack and into the IP packet in Uniform mode operation. In Pipe Mode operation, all packets are handled on ingress similar to Uniform mode, but changes in QoS are implemented in the core and not propagated into the IP packet on the egress from PE to CE. Therefore, in Short Pipe mode operation, the MPLS domain QoS changes are not propagated upward to the IP QoS domain.

The traffic generator generates five streams between the same set of IP addresses from 172.16.3.2 to 172.16.4.2, each stream with different IP Precedence values attached to the IP packet.

Implementing Uniform Mode

The following steps outline the configurations on the appropriate routers to implement Uniform mode QoS implementation with MPLS:

Step 1.	CE router configuration—CE routers, CE1-A and CE2-A, accept traffic from the traffic generator ports directly connected to them and implement QoS functionality based on the class of traffic for each of the five streams. CBWFQ with LLQ is implemented on the CE routers egress to the PE routers. The CE router, therefore, requires the configuration of a class map for each class to identify the characteristics of the class. In addition, each CE router also requires the definition of a QoS policy to be associated with these classes by configuration of a policy map. Finally, the configured policy map is applied to the interface connecting the CE to the PE routers using the service-policy command. Configuration of the CE Router CE1-A is shown in Example 13-1. In LLQ, the Precedence 5 (EF) traffic is given strict priority by the implementation of the priority command for the class precedence5. Note that in the configuration shown in Example 13-1, bandwidth not associated to any of the classes will be applied to best-effort traffic or non-marked (IP Precedence) traffic. Example 13-1. CE1-A Configuration CE1-A(config)#class-map precedence5 CE1-A(config-cmap)#match ip precedence 5 CE1-A(config)#class-map precedence3 CE1-A(config-cmap)#match ip precedence 3 CE1-A(config)#class-map precedence1 CE1-A(config-cmap)#match ip precedence 1 CE1-A(config)#policy-map CEQoS CE1-A(config-pmap)#class precedence5 CE1-A(config-pmap-c)#priority CE1-A(config-pmap-c)#class precedence3 CE1-A(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 30 CE1-A(config-pmap-c)#random-detect CE1-A(config-pmap-c)#class precedence1 CE1-A(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 20 CE1-A(config)#interface pos 1/1/0 CE1-A(config-if)#service-policy output CEQoS
Step 2.	PE routers—IP to MPLS domain configuration—On the PE routers, packets are received with different IP Precedence values from the attached CE routers. Therefore, the PE routers can map or assign class based on ingress packet IP Precedence. A class map is configured on the PE routers to match packets based on IP Precedence of 5, 3, and 1, and a policy map is configured for a QoS action of setting the MPLS EXP bits mapping to ingress IP Precedence. Depending on the version of IOS and platform in use, the action can be either set mpls experimental topmost or the set mpls experimental imposition. However, note that to use the set mpls experimental imposition command, the service policy should be applied on input and, therefore, must be associated to the PE-CE interface on PE routers. While using the set mpls experimental topmost command, the policy can be applied on the ingress interface into the MPLS domain (PE to P router interface). Example 13-2 outlines the configuration of PE Router PE1-AS1. The configuration is broken down into ingress (from CE) actions and egress (to P) actions as well as classification, marking, and QoS operations. Example 13-2. PE1-AS1 IP2MPLS Condition Configuration ! PE1-AS1 ingress configuration: PE1-AS1(config)#class-map match-all precedence1 PE1-AS1(config-cmap)# match ip precedence 1 PE1-AS1(config-cmap)#class-map match-all precedence3 PE1-AS1(config-cmap)# match ip precedence 3 PE1-AS1(config-cmap)#class-map match-all precedence5 PE1-AS1(config-cmap)# match ip precedence 5 PE1-AS1(config)#Policy-map ip2mplsin PE1-AS1(config-pmap)#description Marking ingress traffic into QoS-group PE1-AS1(config-pmap)#class precedence5 PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group 5 PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#class precedence3 PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group 3 PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#class precedence1 PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group 1 PE1-AS1(config)#interface pos 0/1 PE1-AS1(config-if)#service-policy in ip2mplsin _________________________________________________________________ ! PE1-AS1 Egress configuration: PE1-AS1(config)#class-map qosgroup5 PE1-AS1(config-cmap)#match qos-group 5 PE1-AS1(config-cmap)#class-map qosgroup3 PE1-AS1(config-cmap)#match qos-group 3 PE1-AS1(config-cmap)#class-map qosgroup1 PE1-AS1(config-cmap)#match qos-group 1 PE1-AS1(config)#Policy-map ip2mplsout PE1-AS1(config-pmap)#class qosgroup5 PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 5 PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#priority PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#Police 10000000 1000000 PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#class qosgroup3 PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 3 PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth 10000 PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#random-detect PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#class qosgroup1 PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 1 PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth 10000 PE1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#random-detect PE1-AS1(config-if)#interface pos 0/0 PE1-AS1(config-if)#service-policy out ip2mplsout
Step 3.	P router—MPLS EXP rewrite—To demonstrate Uniform mode operation, the P1-AS1 router is configured to rewrite the MPLS EXP bit to 1 for all traffic coming in with EXP value of 3. This is done using a class map matching all packets with MPLS EXP bit value of 3 (as marked by the PE routers) and rewriting the same with the use of a policy map. Because QoS from CE1 to CE2 is being demonstrated with these examples, the service policy is implemented on the ingress interface from PE1-AS1 to P1-AS1 where the MPLS EXP bits match and QoS group setting is performed. On egress to PE2, the QoS group is matched and is mapped to the topmost label EXP value on the egress labeled packets. Example 13-3 outlines the configuration of P1-AS1 router. Example 13-3. P1-AS1 MPLS2MPLS Condition Configuration ! P1-AS1 ingress configuration: P1-AS1(config)#class-map mplsexp3 P1-AS1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental 3 P1-AS1(config-cmap)#policy-map mpls2mplsin P1-AS1(config-pmap)#class mplsexp3 P1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group 3 P1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#interface pos 0/0 P1-AS1(config-if)#service-policy input mpls2mplsin _________________________________________________________________ ! P1-AS1 Egress configuration: P1-AS1(config)#class-map qosgroup3 P1-AS1(config-cmap)#match qos-group 3 P1-AS1(config-cmap)#policy-map mpls2mplsout P1-AS1(config-pmap)#class qosgroup3 P1-AS1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 1 P1-AS1(config)#interface pos 0/1 P1-AS1(config-if)#service-policy output mpls2mplsout
Step 4.	PE router configuration—MPLS to IP domain—In Uniform mode operation, when the packet transits the MPLS domain into the IP domain, the EXP value of the top-most label is propagated into the IP domain from the MPLS domain and is written as the IP Precedence value of the IP packet. A class map is configured matching all packets with MPLS EXP of 5 and 1. A corresponding policy map is configured to configure qos-group value of the packet to the corresponding IP Precedence value. This is applied on the ingress from P1-AS1 to PE2-AS1. A class map matching the QoS group is then configured, and a policy map is configured to mark the IP Precedence value to the QoS group value. This policy map is then applied on egress from PE2-AS1 to CE2-A. Example 13-4 outlines the MPLS to IP domain configuration on the PE Router PE2-AS1. Example 13-4. PE2-AS1 MPLS2IP Condition Configuration ! PE2-AS1 ingress configuration PE2-AS1(config)#class-map match-all mplsexp5 PE2-AS1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental 5 PE2-AS1(config-cmap)#class-map mplsexp1 PE2-AS1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental 1 PE2-AS1(config-cmap)#policy-map mpls2ipin PE2-AS1(config-pmap)#class mplsexp5 PE2-AS1(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group 5 PE2-AS1(config-pmap-c)#class mplsexp1 PE2-AS1(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group 1 PE2-AS1(config-pmap-c)#interface pos 0/0 PE2-AS1(config-if)#service-policy input mpls2ipin ________________________________________________________________ ! PE2-AS1 Egress configuration: PE2-AS1(config)#class-map qosgroup5 PE2-AS1(config-cmap)#match qos-group 5 PE2-AS1(config-cmap)#class-map qosgroup1 PE2-AS1(config-cmap)#match qos-group 1 PE2-AS1(config-cmap)#policy-map mpls2ipout PE2-AS1(config-pmap)#class qosgroup5 PE2-AS1(config-pmap-c)#set ip precedence 5 PE2-AS1(config-pmap-c)#class qosgroup1 PE2-AS1(config-pmap-c)#set ip precedence 1 PE2-AS1(config)#interface pos 0/1 PE2-AS1(config-if)#service-policy output mpls2ipout
Step 5.	Verification of Uniform Mode Operation?a class="docLink" href="#ch13ex05">Example 13-5 outlines the show commands as performed on the different routers in the path from CE1-A to CE2-A via the MPLS domain. A total number of 100,000 packets per class (individual IP Precedence values) are transmitted via the network prior to performing the verification. A truncated output has been performed for all routers in the path for brevity. However, the actual classes that are mapped on each router are shown in Example 13-5. Example 13-5. Verification of Uniform Mode CE1-A#show policy-map interface pos 1/1/0 out \| include packets queue limit 11632 (packets) 100000 packets, 5000000 bytes--------------class precedence5 100000 packets, 5000000 bytes--------------class precedence3 queue limit 2326 (packets) Mean queue depth: 0 packets 100000 packets, 5000000 bytes--------------class precedence1 queue limit 697 (packets) 28 packets, 2352 bytes-------------------class class-default 28 packets, 2352 bytes queue limit 2791 (packets) __________________________________________________________________ PE1-AS1#show policy-map interface pos 0/1 in \| include packets 100000 packets, 4600000 bytes--------------class precedence5 100000 packets, 4600000 bytes--------------class precedence3 100000 packets, 4600000 bytes--------------class precedence1 PE1-AS1#show policy-map interface pos 0/0 out \| include packets 100000 packets, 5400000 bytes--------------class qosgroup5 Queue-limit: 8192 packets (default) Current queue-depth: 0 packets, Maximum queue-depth: 0 packets conformed 100000 packets, 5400000 bytes; actions: exceeded 0 packets, 0 bytes; actions: 100000 packets, 5400000 bytes--------------class qosgroup3 Queue-limit: 1024 packets (default) Current queue-depth: 0 packets, Maximum queue-depth: 0 packets 100000 packets, 5400000 bytes--------------class qosgroup1 Queue-limit: 1024 packets (default) Current queue-depth: 0 packets, Maximum queue-depth: 0 packets 0 packets, 0 bytes Queue-limit: 16384 packets (default) Current queue-depth: 0 packets, Maximum queue-depth: 0 packets _________________________________________________________________ P1-AS1#show policy-map interface pos 0/0 in \| include packets 100000 packets, 5000000 bytes--------------class mplsexp3 16 packets, 780 bytes P1-AS1#show policy-map interface pos 0/1 out \| include packets 100000 packets, 5000000 bytes--------------class qosgroup1 8 packets, 396 bytes Queue-limit: 16384 packets (default) Current queue-depth: 0 packets, Maximum queue-depth: 0 packets _________________________________________________________________ PE2-AS1#show policy-map interface pos 0/0 in \| include packets 100000 packets, 4600000 bytes--------------class mplsexp5 200000 packets, 9200000 bytes--------------class mplsexp1 12 packets, 585 bytes PE2-AS1#show policy-map interface pos 0/1 out \| include packets 100000 packets, 4600000 bytes--------------class qosgroup5 200000 packets, 9200000 bytes--------------class qosgroup1 0 packets, 0 bytes Queue-limit: 16384 packets (default) Current queue-depth: 0 packets, Maximum queue-depth: 0 packets

Note that on PE2-AS1 ingress and egress interfaces, the number of packets matching the MPLS EXP value of 1 is twice the number of packets matching the MPLS EXP value of 5 due to the rewrite of EXP value performed at P1-AS1. This verifies that in the implementation of Uniform mode, the MPLS EXP values are copied back onto the IP packet IP Precedence values as they traverse the MPLS domain back into the IP domain of the customer. To further verify Uniform mode implementation, a generic service policy is configured on the CE2 ingress interface, and, upon verification, it is evident that the IP Precedence value has been rewritten based on the MPLS EXP bit rewrite in the MPLS domain. The configuration of CE2 is shown in Example 13-6.

Example 13-6. CE2-A Configuration and Verification

class-map match-all precedence1

  match ip precedence 1

class-map match-all precedence5

  match ip precedence 5

!

policy-map verify

  class precedence5

     police 10000000 1000000 1000000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop

  class precedence1

     police 10000000 1000000 1000000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop

interface POS1/0/0

 ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0

 service-policy input verify

__________________________________________________________________________

CE2-A#show policy-map interface pos1/0/0 in | include packets

      100000 packets, 5000000 bytes--------------class precedence5

        conformed 100000 packets, 5000000 bytes; action: transmit

        exceeded 0 packets, 0 bytes; action: drop

      200000 packets, 10000000 bytes--------------class precedence1

        conformed 100000 packets, 5000000 bytes; action: transmit

        exceeded 0 packets, 0 bytes; action: drop

      0 packets, 0 bytes

        0 packets, 0 bytes

Note that all the previous configurations depicted unidirectional QoS with the implementation of QoS and Uniform mode downstream toward 172.16.4.2 from 172.16.3.2. In real-world networks, QoS is bidirectional between a set of devices, networks, or customer sites. The configurations to implement the QoS for traffic flowing downstream to 172.16.3.2 can be easily derived by mirroring the configurations illustrated earlier in Example 13-1 through Example 13-5. Example 13-7 through Example 13-10 illustrate the complete configurations for all devices for bidirectional QoS.

Example 13-7. CE1-A Final Configuration for Uniform Mode Implementation

class-map match-all precedence5

  match ip precedence 5

class-map match-all precedence3

  match ip precedence 3

class-map match-all precedence1

  match ip precedence 1

!

policy-map CEQoS

  class precedence5

     priority

  class precedence3

     bandwidth percent 30

     random-detect

  class precedence1

     bandwidth percent 20

!

class-map match-all precedence1

  match ip precedence 1

class-map match-all precedence5

  match ip precedence 5

!

policy-map verify

  class precedence5

     police 10000000 1000000 1000000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop

  class precedence1

     police 10000000 1000000 1000000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop

!

interface pos 1/1/0

service-policy output CEQoS

service-policy input verify

Example 13-8. PE1-AS1 and PE2-AS1 Final Configurations for Uniform Mode Implementation

! PE1-AS1 configuration

class-map match-all qosgroup50

  match qos-group 50

class-map match-all qosgroup10

  match qos-group 10

!

class-map match-all qosgroup3

  match qos-group 3

class-map match-all qosgroup1

  match qos-group 1

class-map match-all qosgroup5

  match qos-group 5

!

class-map match-all precedence1

  match ip precedence 1

class-map match-all precedence3

  match ip precedence 3

class-map match-all precedence5

  match ip precedence 5

!

class-map match-all mplsexp5

  match mpls experimental 5

class-map match-all mplsexp1

  match mpls experimental 1

!

policy-map ip2mplsin

  class precedence5

   set qos-group 5

  class precedence3

   set qos-group 3

  class precedence1

   set qos-group 1

!

policy-map mpls2ipin

  class mplsexp5

   set qos-group 50

  class mplsexp1

   set qos-group 10

!

policy-map mpls2ipout

  class qosgroup50

   set precedence 5

  class qosgroup10

   set precedence 1

!

policy-map ip2mplsout

  class qosgroup5

   set mpls experimental topmost 5

    priority

  class qosgroup3

   set mpls experimental topmost 3

    bandwidth 10000

    random-detect

  class qosgroup1

   set mpls experimental topmost 1

    bandwidth 10000

    random-detect

!

interface POS0/0

 description connection to P1

 service-policy input mpls2ipin

 service-policy output ip2mplsout

!

interface POS0/1

 ip vrf forwarding VPNA

 service-policy input ip2mplsin

 service-policy output mpls2ipout

!

_________________________________________________________________________

! PE2-AS1 configuration

class-map match-all qosgroup30

  match qos-group 30

class-map match-all qosgroup10

  match qos-group 10

class-map match-all qosgroup50

  match qos-group 50

!

class-map match-all qosgroup1

  match qos-group 1

class-map match-all qosgroup5

  match qos-group 5

!

class-map match-all precedence1

  match ip precedence 1

class-map match-all precedence3

  match ip precedence 3

class-map match-all precedence5

  match ip precedence 5

!

class-map match-all mplsexp5

  match mpls experimental 5

class-map match-all mplsexp1

  match mpls experimental 1

!

policy-map ip2mplsin

  class precedence5

   set qos-group 50

  class precedence3

   set qos-group 30

  class precedence1

   set qos-group 10



policy-map mpls2ipin

  class mplsexp5

   set qos-group 5

  class mplsexp1

   set qos-group 1



policy-map mpls2ipout

  class qosgroup5

   set precedence 5

  class qosgroup1

   set precedence 1



policy-map ip2mplsout

  class qosgroup50

   set mpls experimental topmost 5

    priority

  class qosgroup30

   set mpls experimental topmost 3

    bandwidth 10000

    random-detect

  class qosgroup10

   set mpls experimental topmost 1

    bandwidth 10000

    random-detect

!

interface POS0/0

 description connection to P1

 service-policy input mpls2ipin

 service-policy output ip2mplsout

!

interface POS0/1

 ip vrf forwarding VPNA

 service-policy input ip2mplsin

 service-policy output mpls2ipout

Example 13-9. P1-AS1 Final Configuration for Uniform Mode Implementation

class-map match-all qosgroup2

match qos-group 2

class-map match-all qosgroup3

match qos-group 3

class-map match-all qosgroup1

match qos-group 1

!

class-map match-any mplsexp3

match mpls experimental  3

!

policy-map mpls2mplsin

class mplsexp3

set qos-group 3

!

policy-map mpls2mplsout

class qosgroup3

set mpls experimental topmost 1

!

interface POS0/0

description connection to PE1-AS1

ip address 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.252

service-policy input mpls2mplsin

service-policy output mpls2mplsout

!

interface POS0/1

description connection to PE2-AS1

service-policy input mpls2mplsin

service-policy output mpls2mplsout

Example 13-10. CE2-A Final Configuration for Uniform Mode Implementation

class-map match-all precedence5

  match ip precedence 5

class-map match-all precedence3

  match ip precedence 3

class-map match-all precedence1

  match ip precedence 1



policy-map CEQoS

  class precedence5

     priority

  class precedence3

     bandwidth percent 30

     random-detect

  class precedence1

     bandwidth percent 20



class-map match-all precedence1

  match ip precedence 1

class-map match-all precedence5

  match ip precedence 5

!

policy-map verify

  class precedence5

     police 10000000 1000000 1000000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop

  class precedence1

     police 10000000 1000000 1000000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop

!

interface pos 1/1/0

service-policy output CEQoS

service-policy input verify

Implementing Short Pipe Mode

Short Pipe mode is implemented the same as Uniform mode except on the egress MPLS2IP condition. In Short Pipe mode, the label EXP value is not copied back onto the IP packet Precedence or DSCP values in the egress MPLS2IP condition. Therefore, in comparison to the Uniform mode configurations shown in the prior section, the only changes in configuration will have to be on Routers PE1-AS1 and PE2-AS1 where the MPLS EXP bit rewrite in the core is not propagated back into the IP packet IP Precedence values. Consequently, in Short Pipe mode, the configuration of the PE1-AS1 and PE2-AS1 routers will not involve any IP Precedence rewrite based on ingress MPLS EXP bit values from the MPLS to the IP domain. Example 13-11 outlines the configurations of Routers PE1-AS1 and PE2-AS1 for the implementation of Short Pipe mode. Note the absence of the mpls2ipin and mpls2ipout policies mapping the ingress MPLS EXP values to egress IP Precedence values in comparison to Example 13-8 for PE1-AS1 and PE2-AS1. Only QoS-related configurations have been shown for brevity.

Example 13-11. PE1-AS1 and PE2-AS1 Configurations for Short Pipe Mode

! PE1-AS1 configuration

class-map match-all qosgroup3

  match qos-group 3

class-map match-all qosgroup1

  match qos-group 1

class-map match-all qosgroup5

  match qos-group 5

!

class-map match-all precedence1

  match ip precedence 1

class-map match-all precedence3

  match ip precedence 3

class-map match-all precedence5

  match ip precedence 5

!

policy-map ip2mplsin

  class precedence5

   set qos-group 5

  class precedence3

   set qos-group 3

  class precedence1

   set qos-group 1

!

policy-map ip2mplsout

  class qosgroup5

   set mpls experimental topmost 5

  priority

   class qosgroup3

  set mpls experimental topmost 3

   bandwidth 10000

   random-detect

  class qosgroup1

   set mpls experimental topmost 1

   bandwidth 10000

   random-detect

!

interface POS0/0

 description connection to P1

 service-policy output ip2mplsout

!

interface POS0/1

 ip vrf forwarding VPNA

 service-policy input ip2mplsin

_________________________________________________________________________

! PE2-AS1 configuration

class-map match-all qosgroup30

  match qos-group 30

class-map match-all qosgroup10

  match qos-group 10

class-map match-all qosgroup50

  match qos-group 50

!

class-map match-all precedence1

  match ip precedence 1

class-map match-all precedence3

  match ip precedence 3

class-map match-all precedence5

  match ip precedence 5

!

policy-map ip2mplsin

  class precedence5

   set qos-group 50

  class precedence3

   set qos-group 30

  class precedence1

   set qos-group 10





policy-map ip2mplsout

  class qosgroup50

   set mpls experimental topmost 5

    priority

  class qosgroup30

   set mpls experimental topmost 3

    bandwidth 10000

    random-detect

  class qosgroup10

   set mpls experimental topmost 1

    bandwidth 10000

    random-detect

!

interface POS0/0

 description connection to P1

 service-policy output ip2mplsout

!

interface POS0/1

 ip vrf forwarding VPNA

 service-policy input ip2mplsin

As seen in the configurations for the PE routers, the only difference in the implementation of Short Pipe mode and Uniform mode is that on egress from the PE to CE routers, any changes in the MPLS EXP bits as the packets traverse the core are not propagated back into the IP header precedence bits. This mode is implemented if the QoS implemented by the SP is required to be independent of the customer's QoS policy. The IP packet PHB or QoS implementation on the router as the packet undergoes an MPLS2IP condition is based on the resulting IP packet's DSCP/IP Precedence value. Short Pipe and Pipe modes are different only on the basis of what criteria are used to implement the egress QoS PHB from the PE to the CE.