[SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]

! (exclamation point)
    ! (Boolean NOT) operator 
    ! (logical negation) operator  2nd 
        with find command 
    !$, specifying last argument on previous line 
    != (not equal) operator  2nd  3rd 
    !~ (pattern-matching) operator 
    [! ] filename wildcards 
    in C shell quoting 
    command line exit status, reversing in bash and zsh 
    filename wildcard 
    filtering vi text through Unix command 
    find command operator 
    history substitution commands 
        !! and !\: sequences 
        !$ notation 
        !$ sequence  2nd  3rd 
        !* notation 
        !* sequence 
        !\:n* sequence 
        !^ sequence 
        bash shell quoting and 
    regular expression metacharacter
        sed editor replacements 
    sed address followed by 
    test command using 
    in X Window System comments 
" (quotes, double)
    $ and ' inside, in C shell quoting 
    around filenames, renaming files and 
    converting straight quotes to curly quotes with sed 
    for comments in vi .exrc file 
    in command arguments 
    in prompts  2nd  3rd  4th 
    in regular expressions 
    in sed scripts 
    in shell quoting  2nd  3rd 
    ls -Q command output 
    passing wildcards to programs 
    search patterns in csplit program 
    shell arrays, expanded values 
    variable interpolation in Perl 
    wildcard pattern matching in case statements 
"Syntax error" error message 
# (hash mark)
    # and ## filename wildcards 
    #! notation  2nd 
        in Bourne shell scripts 
        in Perl scripts 
    \: (colon) used in place of 
    in comments 
        # $Id $, commenting RCS files in a shell or Perl script 
    dynamic prompts in tcsh and zsh shells 
    erase character 
    in crontab entries 
    shell prompt for zsh shells 
    vi editor, alternate filename 
$ (dollar sign)
    $# command-line argument 
    $( ) command substitution operator  2nd 
    $* argument  2nd 
    $- variable, displaying current flags 
    $@ argument  2nd  3rd  4th 
        passing arguments to getopt 
        replacement by arguments passed to function 
    $_ variables in Perl  2nd 
    $0 parameter, script names in 
    $1 command-line arguments  2nd 
    $1, $2, etc., command-line arguments in 
    $Id $ in RCS files 
    in bash shell prompt  2nd 
    inside double quotes in C shell quoting 
    end of line anchor in regular expressions 
    end of line indicator in various utilities  2nd 
    metacharacter in regular expressions and shells 
    quoting in Bourne shell 
    regular expression metacharacter
        matching at end of line (Perl) 
        matching newline at the end of multiline pattern space 
        use in Unix programs 
    sed addressing symbol 
    value of Bourne shell exit status variable (?), getting 
    variable names, preceding  2nd  3rd 
    as wildcard 
$HOME environment variable  2nd 
$HOME/.rhosts file 
$LOGDIR environment variable 
% (percent sign)
    %?, prefixing job numbers 
    arithmetic operator (modulus) 
    formatting operator in Python 
    in shell prompts
        %! for zsh hisotry number 
        %# (dynamic prompt), tcsh and zsh shells 
        %{ and %} delimiters for nonprinting escape sequences 
        C (csh) shell 
    vi editor, current filename 
& (ampersand)
    & (logical AND) operator 
    &! background operator, Z shell 
    && (Boolean AND) operator  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th 
    &| background operator, Z shell 
    commands ending with  2nd  3rd 
    metacharacter in regular expressions 
< > (angle brackets)
    >
        > (greater than) operator  2nd 
        > (redirection) operator 
        > as Bourne shell secondary prompt 
        > tcsh shell prompt 
        >& (redirection) operator 
        >> (Unix redirect and append) operator 
        >= (greater than or equal to) operator  2nd  3rd 
    <
        < (less than) operator  2nd  3rd 
        < redirection character 
        << (here document) operator  2nd 
        <<- operator, removing tab characters 
        <<- operator, removing TABs with 
        <= (less than or equal to) operator  2nd  3rd 
    < >, enclosing event names 
    <-> filename wildcard 
    <=> (comparison) operator in Perl 
    \< \\\> regular expression metacharacters  2nd 
<defunct> status under System V 
' (quotes, single)
    ; (semicolon), using with in C shell 
    around filenames, renaming files and 
    in alias quoting  2nd 
    in bash pre-prompt commands 
    in prompts  2nd  3rd 
    in shell quoting  2nd  3rd 
        inside double quotes (C shell) 
    passing wildcards to programs 
    regular expressions, quoting 
    strings in case statements 
( ) (parentheses)
    \(\)
        escaped-parenthesis operators in sed  2nd 
        find command operator 
        regular expression metacharacters  2nd 
    commands printed in by ps 
    grouping operator 
        combining commands with 
        extended regular expressions 
        Perl regular expressions 
        use in Unix programs 
    nesting regular expressions in 
    operator precedence, overriding with 
    Perl operators, resolving ambiguity in 
    subshell operator  2nd 
($?CSHRC_READ) prompt test 
* (asterisk)
    ** filename wildcard (zsh) 
    *** filename wildcard (zsh) 
    arithmetic operator (multiplication) 
    executable files, denoting in ls -F listings 
    filename wildcard  2nd 
    multiplication operator 
    regular expression metacharacter  2nd 
        quantifier in Perl 
        repeating character sets with 
        use in Unix programs 
    shell metacharacter 
    wildcard character  2nd 
+ (plus sign)
    + operator (one or more) 
    ++ (autoincrement) operator 
    addition (arithmetic) operator  2nd  3rd 
    data command option 
    filename wildcard 
    in job numbers 
    regular expression metacharacter  2nd  3rd 
        quantifier in Perl 
, (comma) in filenames 
- (dash)
    - numerical subtraction operator 
    -> (dereferencing) operator  2nd 
    command-line arguments starting with  2nd  3rd 
    double dashes, converting to em-dashes in sed 
    filenames starting with 
    subtraction arithmetic operator 
    with << operator 
-1 process ID 
-atime operator (find command) 
-ctime operator (find command) 
-exec operator (find command) 
    { } operator, using with 
    creating custom tests 
    using with -type and -name 
    xargs command vs. 
-fstype operator (find command) 
-group operator (find command) 
-inum operator (find command)  2nd  3rd 
-ls operator (find command) 
-man macros (troff) 
-mtime operator (find command)  2nd 
-name operator (find command)  2nd 
    -print operator, combining with 
    using with -exec 
-name option, effect on resources 
-newer operator (find command) 
-nouser or -nogroup operators (find command) 
-ok operator (find command) 
-perm operator (find command) 
-print operator (find command) 
    -name operator, using with 
-prune operator (file command)
    quick finds in current directory 
-prune operator (find command) 
    preventing networked filesystem searches 
-sb option (scrollbar) for xterms 
-size operator (find command) 
-sl option (save lines) for xterms 
-type operator (find command)  2nd 
-user operator (find command) 
-v (verbose) option 
-xdev operator (find command) 
    preventing networked filesystem searches 
. (dot)
    . (string concatenation) operator 
    . and .. in directories  2nd 
    . and .. in pathnames 
    . command, reading files with 
    .. (integer-range) operator in zsh 
    ./ (dot slash), filenames beginning with 
    in filenames  2nd 
    filenames beginning with 
        ls command and 
        wildcards and 
    regular expression metacharacter 
        matching any character (except newline) in Perl 
        matching any character with 
        use in Unix programs 
    relative pathname for current directory 
    repeat command in vi editor 
.bash_login file 
.bash_profile file 
    CDPATH variable 
.bashrc file
    CDPATH variable 
    logout file, making all top-level interactive shells read 
.csh filename extension 
.cshdirs file for tcsh shells 
.cshrc file  2nd 
    cd aliases in 
    color, setting in 
    if (! $?prompt) exit test 
    multiline prompt showing directory stack 
    prompt setting 
    set echo verbose command 
.cshrc files
    tcsh shells, use of 
.cshrc.$HOST file 
.dircolorsrc file  2nd 
.emacs initialization file 
.emacs_ml file 
.enter file 
.exit file 
.exrc file
    local settings for vi 
    setting up vi editor with 
.history file 
    tcsh shells 
.hushlogin file 
.inputrc file 
.login file  2nd 
    interactive C shells and 
    SHLVL variable, resetting 
    TERM environment variable, testing 
    terminal type, setting with qterm 
.logout file
    reading when last top-level shell exits 
    running commands when logging out 
.logout file (C shell) 
.profile file 
    bash shell 
    Bourne shells
        testing TERM variable with case statement 
    CDPATH variable in 
    hung terminal and 
    Korn shells 
    login shells 
    stty commands in 
    terminal type, setting with qterm 
.qtermtab file 
    editing 
.rhosts file  2nd  3rd 
.sh filename extension 
.sh_logout file 
.shosts file 
.tcshrc file
    multiline prompt showing directory stack 
    set echo verbose command 
    shlvl shell variable 
.tcshrc files 
.Xdefaults file 
    xrdb utility vs. 
.Xresources file 
.Z file extension (compress program) 
.zlogin file 
.zprofile file 
.zshenv file 
.zshrc file  2nd  3rd 
/ (slash)
    /* $Id $ */, commenting C program RCS files 
    /*/* wildcard metacharacters in case statements 
    arithmetic operator (division) 
    arithmetic opertor (division) 
    Bourne-type shells, quoting and 
    delimiter for regular expressions in sed 
    directory, denoting in ls -F listings 
    in filenames  2nd 
    in pathnames  2nd 
        wildcard matching across 
        absolute pathnames 
        tar archives and 
    search patterns in vi editor, delimiting 
    shell, treatment of 
/bin directory  2nd  3rd 
    /bin/passwd, automating 
    /bin/time utility 
    programs in 
    remote shell (rsh) 
/boot directory 
/dev directory  2nd 
    /dev/null file
        examples  2nd 
        redirecting output to 
    /dev/tty file 
    /dev/zero file 
/dev/null file 
    grep command, using with 
    replacing log files with symbolic links to 
/dev/tty file 
/etc directory 
/etc/apt directory 
/etc/csh.cshrc file 
/etc/csh.login file 
/etc/fstab file 
    shared filesystems in 
/etc/hosts file
    IP address to hostname mapping 
/etc/hosts.allow file
    hosts.allow file
        tcp_wrappers package 
/etc/hosts.equiv file 
/etc/inetd.conf file  2nd 
    Samba daemons, adding to 
    swat, adding to 
/etc/inputrc file 
/etc/man.config file 
/etc/nologin file  2nd 
/etc/passwd file 
    documentation on System V machine, reading 
    Samba authentication, using for 
    storing passwords on Mac OS X 
/etc/profile file 
    Korn shell 
/etc/securetty file
    disabling root access 
/etc/services file 
    swat tool 
/etc/ttys file  2nd 
/etc/ttytab file 
/g regular expression modifier 
/lib directory 
/mnt directory 
/opt directory  2nd 
/proc filesystem 
    /stat file (statistics on the kernel and system) 
    hardware 
    memory information 
    security checks using 
    statistics by PID 
    statistics on current process 
/sbin directory 
/tmp directory 
    history files in 
    sharing with SMB network 
/u directory 
/usr directory 
    /usr/bin directory 
        local programs and 
        programs in 
    /usr/bsd directory
        remote shell (rsh) 
    /usr/dict/words file 
    /usr/lib/crontab file 
    /usr/lib/crontab.local file 
    /usr/lib/spell directory 
    /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults file 
    /usr/libexec/makewhatis file 
    /usr/local directory 
    /usr/local/bin directory 
    /usr/local/man directory 
    /usr/man directory 
    /usr/share/man directory 
/var directory 
/var/log/lastlog file 
/var/log/wtmp file 
/var/run/utmp file 
; (semicolon)
    code separator in color escape sequences 
    separating awk procedures 
    separating commands  2nd 
        in case statements 
        find -exec and 
    in shell functions 
= (equal sign)
    => (fat comma) operator in Perl 
    == (numeric equality) operator 
    == (relational) operator 
    =~ (pattern binding) operator 
    in alias definitions  2nd 
    assignment operator 
    relational operator  2nd 
    socket files 
? (question mark)
    ?) wildcard metacharacters in case statements 
    ?*) wildcard metacharacters in case statements 
    Bourne shell variable for command exit status 
    filename wildcard  2nd 
    nonprinting characters, converting to with ls -q 
    regular expression metacharacter  2nd 
        quantifier in Perl 
        use in Unix programs 
    as secondary shell prompt 
    shell wildcard, matching with fast find commands 
    wildcard character 
@ (at sign)
    @ARGV array 
    @INC array  2nd 
    csh built-in operator 
    filename wildcard 
    files as symbolic links, in ls -F listings 
    for array names 
    in Perl array values 
    kill character 
[ ] (brackets)
    [ command 
        numeric tests, syntax errors 
        string text syntax errors 
    [^ ] filename wildcard 
    bash shell prompts, nonprinting characters 
    range operator 
    references to lists in Perl 
    regular expression metacharacters 
        ^ (caret) within 
        character classes 
        range, specifying 
    wildcards  2nd 
        fast find commands, using with 
\ (backslash)
    \! operator (C shell)  2nd 
    \(\)
        regular expression metacharacters 
    \(\) regular expression metacharacters 
    \{ \} regular expression metacharacters  2nd 
    \1, \2, ... metacharacters, recalling remembered patterns 
    in alias quoting 
    escaping regular expression delimiters in sed 
    escaping regular expression metacharacters 
    extended regular expressions and 
    in X Window System resource definitions 
    multiline pipes in C shell scripts 
    multiple-line statements in Python 
    before newline, shell quoting and  2nd 
    Perl variables, preventing interpolation in 
    in prompt settings 
    quoting newlines in sed 
    regular expression metacharacters
        \< \\\>, matching words with 
        use in Unix programs 
    in shell quoting 
        Bourne shell 
        C shell 
    shell, terminal and program quoting, conflicts in 
\ (backspace), stripping from formatted manpages 
\: (colon)
    \:p operator, printing command without executing it 
    between item=attribute values 
    Bourne shell operator 
        parameter substitution, use in 
    command in vi  2nd 
    in command-line options 
    ex commands, issuing from vi 
    logical operator  2nd 
    as null character 
    separating fields  2nd 
    separating terminal type values 
    shell script comments 
    string editing operators 
    translation table, event and action mappings 
\:0 (zero) operator, in history substitutions 
\:g (global) operator 
\:gt operator (C shell) 
\:p operator 
    ^^ history substitution, using with 
\:q (quote) string modifier (C shell) 
\:q (string editing) operator 
\:x (string editing) operator, breaking line into words 
\d (matching numbers) in Perl regular expressions 
\s (matching whitespace characters) in Perl regular expressions 
\W (non-word character character) 
\w in regular expressions  2nd 
^ (caret)
    [^ ] filename wildcard 
    ^[ (ESC character) 
    ^^ sequence in history substitution 
    ^xy^yx, shorthand substitution command 
    beginning of line anchor in regular expressions  2nd 
    beginning of line indicator in various utilities 
    filename wildcard 
    in control keys 
    regular expression metacharacter
        matching at beginning of line (Perl) 
        matching newline at the beginning of a multiline pattern space 
        negating character classes with 
        use in Unix programs 
        within [ ] metacharacters 
_ (underscore)
    ASCII class for 
    in filenames 
` (backquotes)
    \` \`, nested command substitution 
    arguments, reading 
    capturing command output in an array 
    command substitution operators  2nd  3rd 
        excluding files from deletion 
        getopt, using with 
        nesting 
    command substitution with 
    expr command, running with 
    for loops combined with 
    quoting in Bourne shell 
    redirecting standard output 
{ } (braces)
    \{ \} regular expression metacharacters  2nd 
    awk procedures, enclosing 
    dereferencing, use in 
    filename wildcards 
    find command  2nd 
    GNU find command and 
    in shells  2nd 
    pattern-expansion characters
        building strings with 
        for loop, using with 
        foreach loop, using with 
    quoting alias argument in 
    sed commands enclosed in 
    shell functions, using in 
    variable values, interpolating 
| (vertical bar)
    |& operator 
    || (Boolean OR) operator  2nd  3rd  4th 
        testing scripts with 
    alternation operator  2nd  3rd 
    bitwise or operator 
    command separator in ex editor 
    filename wildcard 
    files, named pipe (FIFO) 
    logical OR operator 
    noclobber variable and 
    pipes 
        redirecting standard output  2nd 
    regular expression metacharacter
        alternation in pattern matching 
        use in Unix programs 
    separating multiple ex editor commands 
    wildcard metacharacter in case statements 
~ (tilde)
    ~ and !~ (pattern-matching) operators 
    abbreviation for any directory 
    filenames ending with 
        Emacs backup files  2nd 
    for home directory  2nd  3rd 
    in pathnames 
0 (zero) process ID

[SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]

abbreviations for words, vi editor 
    .exrc files, saving in 
    commands, using as 
    fixing typos with 
abbreviations in pathnames 
absolute pathnames  2nd  3rd 
    archiving with 
    creating 
    to directory containing new search path 
    Emacs and 
    links to  2nd 
    in shell setup files 
    tar, avoiding with 
access control
    files  [See permissions]
    firewalls, using 
    host-based, rsh command and 
    incoming connections, with tcp_wrappers 
    remote access  [See ssh]
    Samba  2nd 
    sshd program 
    user-based, xauth command and 
access method for software package files, choosing 
access modes for files  [See also permissions]2nd 
    private directory 
    setting for files with find 
    supplying with mkdir command 
access times for files 
    -atime operator with find 
        locating files by 
    last-access time, showing 
accidental file deletion, protecting against 
accounting name for commands 
accounts  [See also groups; users]
    protecting 
    setup, changing 
addresses
    IP 
        displayed with netstart -n 
        displaying with dig 
        hostname mapping to 
    NAT (Network Address Translation)  2nd  3rd 
    sed editor 
    TCP and UDP 
addressing lines for batch editing 
adduser (or useradd) utility 
Adobe Acrobat Reader and PDF 
Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Amanda) 
afio utility 
age of files 
agents
    -agent option, ssh 
    compromised machines in DDoS attacks 
    SSH, problems with 
agrep command (approximate grep)  2nd 
    -d option 
    compound searches with  2nd 
    multiple patterns with AND (or OR) queries 
AIX
    OpenSSH 
    ps command 
alias command 
    -d (directory) option 
    -g (global) option in zsh shell 
    -m (match) option 
    -t (tracked) option 
    Bourne-type shells 
aliases  2nd 
    !* sequence in 
    Bourne-type shells 
        removing 
    C shell  2nd 
        if-then-else in 
        with command-line arguments 
    for cd command  2nd 
    changing to shell functions 
    clean, removing stale files with 
    for constant-width fonts 
    defined on command lines 
    file-deletion 
    findpt 
    group-write permissions 
    inside the ($?prompt) test 
    kill command and 
    Korn shell 
    limitations of 
    lr, listing recently changed files 
    ls command 
    newer (printing newest filename) 
    permission changes, handling with 
    precmd (tcsh shell) 
    prompt set inside 
    for pushd command 
    quoting  2nd 
        fixing in csh with makealias and quote 
    reading logout file when using exit command 
    recursive 
    redefining commands, problems with 
    setprompt 
    shell functions and 
    simulating in Bourne shell 
    sourceable scripts, options for 
    tracked 
    wildcards in 
    word vectors and 
    zsh 
alphabetic sorting vs. numeric 
ALT key in Emacs 
alternation in regular expression pattern matching  2nd 
alternation operator (|)  2nd 
Amanda (Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver) 
anacron system 
anchors (in regular expressions) 
    ^ and $ anchor characters 
    anchor characters, examples of 
and (-a) operator, case command 
AND operator 
    & (logical AND) operator 
    && (Boolean) AND  2nd  3rd 
    agrep command, searching for multiple patterns 
and operator (Boolean) 
Ange-ftp mode (Emacs) 
anonymous FTP 
    server, configuring 
anonymous functions (Python) 
Apache webserver, module for running Python  2nd 
append command (ex) 
applications
    default files for resources 
    names of, resources and 
    relationship with kernel, shell, and utilities 
    running remotely and viewing on local display 
appres (application resource) utility 
approximate patterns, searching for  [See agrep command]
apsfilter script 
apt-get tool 
archives 
    Amanda system 
    copying without asking for password 
    CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) 
    cpio tape archiver 
    deleted files on tape 
    filename extensions 
    packing up and moving files 
    shell 
    tar  [See tar utility]
    version control systems 
        CVS 
        RCS 
arguments  [See also command line; commands]
    executing as commands (xarg command) 
    filenames in 
    finding last 
    iterating shell variables over 
    maximum allowable 
    passed to scripts 
    passing lists to other programs with $@ 
    Python functions 
        lambdas as 
    reading by shells 
    separators for  2nd 
        C shell quoting and 
        inside backquotes 
    showargs script 
    stored in $1, $2, etc. 
    too many, dealing with 
arguments too long error message 
@ARGV array (Perl) 
argv, variables set to 
arithmetic (built-in) for shells 
arithmetic operators 
array indexes, Perl 
arrays
    awk utility and 
    Perl  2nd  3rd 
        iterating through 
        lists vs. 
        operators used with 
    shell
        browsing directories with 
        expanding ranges 
arrow keys
    cursor motion in vi text-input mode without using 
    Emacs editor, moving around in 
    mapping in vi 
ASCII  [See also non-ASCII characters]
    converting to EBCDIC with dd 
    encoding binary files into 
        MIME encoding 
        uuencoding 
    end-of-line characters 
    filename extension 
    printable representation of unprintable and non-ASCII characters 
    xterm table of characters and character classes 
    zeros (NUL characters) 
ash shell  2nd 
aspell utility 
    -a option 
Assembly language code extension 
assignment operator (=) 
associative arrays  2nd  [See also hashes]
    awk utility 
at commands  2nd 
    -l option 
    -r option 
    atq command  2nd 
    atrm command, removing jobs in queue 
    limiting file size 
    quieting output 
AT environment variable 
atan2 command (awk) 
atomic operation, testing for and creating lockfile 
attribute code (bold, underscore, etc.) 
Audio\:\:SoundFile module 
authentication
    PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) 
    with SMB server 
    SSH 
        problems with 
auto-save file (Emacs) 
autoconf utility 
autoincrement (++) operator 
autoloading shell functions 
    Korn shells 
automake utility 
automated deletion commands, risks of 
automatic directory setup 
automating /bin/passwd 
autowrite (vi), job control and 
awk utility  2nd 
    -f option 
    arrays and 
    associative arrays 
    centering lines 
    command-line syntax 
    counting files by types 
    echo command, using with 
    eval compared to 
    extended regular expressions, use of  2nd 
    grep programs 
    lexical analyzer 
    line-by-line and search using 
    line-numbering with 
    operators  2nd 
    patterns 
    procedures 
    regular expressions, documentation for 
    running directly 
    searching for a character in a column 
    sorting lines by length 
    straightening columns 
    variables  2nd 
    wrappeing awk programs in shell scripts

[SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]

b (branch) command, sed editor  2nd 
background color 
background jobs 
    bringing into foreground with fg command 
    killing 
    listing with their job numbers 
    notification of state change in 
    putting into foreground 
    suspending with stop command 
background processes  2nd  3rd 
    exit status
        testing with if statement 
    exit status of 
    listing with jobs command 
    output from, stopping 
    overloading system with 
    preventing continuation after logout 
    running at lower priority with nice command 
    shell capabilities for manipulating 
    stopping automatically upon attempt to write to screen 
    watching 
backquotes  [See `, under Symbols]
BACKSPACE key 
    Emacs editor 
    erase character 
    location for 
backup files
    bkedit script 
    Emacs  2nd 
        ignoring with ls -B 
    file ownership and 
    ispell program 
    macro for creation in vi editor 
backup option (xrdb) 
backups 
    compression, advantages and disadvantages of 
    cpio tape archiver 
    excluding files from 
    GNU tar, using with remote tape drive 
    incremental 
    industrial strength 
    making to a local device 
        deciding what to back up 
        floppies or zip disks 
        tape 
    making your own 
    protecting against accidental file deletions 
    RCS and CVS 
    to remote tape drive using tar 
    restoring files from tape with tar 
        remote restoring 
        restoring a few files 
    tar utility 
        absolute pathnames, avoiding 
        avoiding absolute pathnames 
        options for 
        tar command line arguments, order of 
        wildcards, using 
    utilities for 
    versions control systems, using 
barewords used as hash keys 
base64 encoding 
basename program 
    bugs in 
    examples 
    loops, using with 
bash (Bourne-again shell)  2nd  [See also bsh; shell scripts; shells]3rd 
    .bashrc file 
    .bashrc or .bash_profile, hung terminals and 
    { } (pattern-expansion characters) 
    aliases  2nd 
    arrays
        browsing directories with 
        expanding ranges 
    BASH_ENV variable 
    bash2, built-in kill command 
    case statements 
    choosing built-in, external, or shell functions 
    command history  [See history of commands]
    command-line editing 
    completion features 
        hostnames 
    disown command 
    dynamic prompts, simulating 
    editing history substitutions 
    environment variables for shell functions, changing 
    environment variables, unsetting 
    exit status of command line, reversing 
    exporting shell functions 
    fc -l command, listing previous commands with 
    forcing to use internal exit command 
    globbing (wildcard expansion), preventing 
    hash command 
    history -r command, cautions about 
    history file 
    ignoreeof variable 
    job control commands 
    limiting file size 
    loading changed PATH 
    login and nonlogin, startup files 
    logout file, running commands when logging out 
    octal character strings 
    parameter expansion shortcuts 
    passing command history to 
    pre-prompt commands  2nd 
    process substitution 
    prompts 
        $ in 
        newline (\n) character in 
        nonprinting escape characters 
        showing directory stack 
        subshell level, showing 
    read-only functions 
    redirecting standard I/O 
    scripts in this book 
    SHLVL environment variable 
    showargs script 
    special characters/operators 
    string editing operators 
    stty tostop command, background jobs writing to terminal 
    terminal port type, putting into ttykind shell variable 
    ulimit -c command, removing limits on core dumps 
    wildcards, failing to match 
BASH_ENV environment variable 
batch editing 
    awk utility 
        command-line syntax 
        operators  2nd 
        patterns and procedures 
        system variables 
    changing many files by editing one 
    ed editor
        example 
        failure on big files 
    ex editor
        example 
        useful commands 
    line addressing 
    patch program 
    running scripts in vi 
    scripts, writing 
BEGIN and END patterns, awk 
behead script  2nd 
Bell Labs research operating system (Plan 9) 
Berkeley Internet Name Daemon (bind) 
    DNS cache, setting up local 
Berkeley-based Unix
    ex, vi, view, edit commands, linked to same executable file 
    group file ownership 
    printing commands 
    tr command, ranges in 
bg command  2nd 
    putting jobs in background 
bg_nice option (zsh) 
bgnice option (ksh) 
binary characters, inserting into Emacs files 
binary files
    accessible by users in /usr/bin subdirectory 
    archiving system test file 
    encoding into ASCII 
        MIME encoding 
        uuencoding 
    executables, access time updates 
    searching for words in 
    system, in /sbin directory 
bind (Berkeley Internet Name Daemon) 
    DNS cache, setting up 
bind command 
    -l option 
binding operator (=~) 
bindkey command
    -c option 
    -k option 
    -l option 
    -v option 
    tcsh editing 
bit bucket 
bitmaps 
bitwise or (|) operator 
bkedit script 
    ending and setting exit status 
    parameter substitution in 
blank lines, squashing extras 
blank shell prompts 
blocks
    of bytes, counting with tail -b command 
    of code, defining in Python 
    of text, defining with patterns 
    of related options in smb.conf files 
body of email, forming properly 
bold text  2nd 
Boolean operators 
    combining awk patterns with 
boot -v command 
boundary-checking versions of C functions 
Bourne shells  2nd  3rd  [See also bash; ksh; sh; zsh]
    newlines in prompts 
    profile file 
    scripts in this book, running on 
    types of 
branch (b) command, sed editor  2nd 
break command  2nd 
    awk 
broken links 
browseable option (smb.conf) 
browsers
    closing window by killing its processes 
    for Samba 
    SMB network 
    text copied from, reformatting 
BSD Unix
    file ownership 
    Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, support of 
    group membership 
    make utility, versions of 
    nice command  2nd 
        C shell 
    ps -a command 
    ps -aux command 
    ps ax command 
    renice command  2nd 
    signals 
    user/group infrastructure 
bsplit utility 
buffer overflow, security vulnerability 
buffers
    edited, saving as files in vi 
    hold space in sed 
    numbered, recovering vi editor deletions in 
    pattern space in sed 
    pipes, buffering of output 
    recovered with vi -r, cautions about 
    vi editor, using to copy and move text 
buildhash script 
built-in commands  2nd 
    builtin command, forcing use with 
    C shell, determining whether to use 
    faster prompt setting with 
    shells 
bunzip2 file decompression program 
button presses
    defining with xmodmap 
byte order, converting with dd 
bzip2 utility  2nd  3rd

[SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]

c function (for changing directories) 
C language
    C mode for programming in Emacs 
    csh shell  2nd 
    interoperability of programs on different Unix systems 
    lexical analyzer for syntax checking 
    program file extensions  2nd 
    tcsh shell  2nd 
C shell (csh)  2nd  3rd  4th  [See also shell scripts; shells; tcsh shell]
    !^ and !$, specifying first and last arguments on previous line 
    .cshrc file 
    .login file
        TERM variable, testing 
    .logout file 
    \:gt operator 
    { } (pattern-expansion characters), building strings with 
    { and } and ; (with find command) 
    aliases 
        if-then-else in 
        with command-line arguments 
    arrays 
        expanding ranges 
    avoiding alias loops 
    background processing 
    built-in string operators 
    choosing among built-in commands, external commands, or shell functions 
    command history  [See history of commands]
    configuration files 
        aliases 
    csh command name 
    current directory, updating in status line 
    defining variables 
    editing history and variable substitutions 
    environment variables, unsetting 
    eval command 
    exit status of previous command 
    forcing to use internal exit command 
    foreach loop 
    globbing (wildcard expansion) 
    history  [See history of commands]
    history characters 
    history file 
    ignoreeof shell variable 
    limiting file size 
    multiline commands 
    passing command history to 
    port, testing 
    prompt
        % in 
        problems caused by 
        setting 
    quotation marks around filenames 
    quoting in 
        here documents 
        rules for 
        showing with verbose and echo settings 
        special characters 
        special characters in filenames 
    redirecting standard I/O  2nd 
        noclobber variable 
    rehash command  2nd 
    repeating commands with repeat command 
    script file extension 
    search path for commands, changing 
    sed newlines quoting and backslashes in shell script 
    set echo verbose command 
    special characters/operators in 
    su -f stucklogin command 
cable modems
    DHCP and 
    firewalls 
    gateways 
cache, DNS 
cancel command (System V) 
canonical hostname 
capitalization  [See case]
CAPS LOCK key  2nd 
capturing in patterns 
carriage returns
    Macintosh, ASCII character for 
    translating to newlines 
case
    \:l operator 
    \:u operator 
    case sensitivity 
    case-insensitive searches, faking 
    case-insensitive sorts 
    case-sensitivity
        in regular expressions 
    converting to/from uppercase or lowercase
        awk utility 
        dd utility 
        filtering vi text through tr command 
        sed transform command  5th  [See also tr command]
    ispell program and 
    lc operator 
    sort command, sort order 
    uc operator 
    uppercase letters in vi character and line commands 
    uppercase without CAPS LOCK in vi 
    vi and ex editors, capitalizing words 
case statements  2nd 
    adding to .profile to test TERM variable 
    debugging 
    port, testing 
    testing exit status for commands 
    testing pathnames for calling a script 
    testing tty name 
    testing two strings using 
    in while loop, handling arguments with 
    wildcard pattern matching 
    in xmessage command line 
cat command  2nd 
    -e option, marking ends of lines with $ 
    -n option 
    -s option, squashing extra blank lines 
    -t and -e options, displaying whitespace 
    -v -e options 
    -v -t and -e options, displaying whitespace 
    -v option  2nd 
    creating mail header with 
    exit status, testing 
    file, adding to end of another file 
    for loops combined with 
    redirecting I/O 
    starting pipelines 
CBLKWID (comment block width) environment variable 
cd command  2nd  3rd 
    +n and -n options (zsh) 
    aliases for 
    cdpath variable and 
    PWD environment variable and 
CD-ROMs 
    cdrom protocol 
    loopback mounts 
    mounting  2nd 
cdable_vars shell variable 
CDPATH environment variable 
cdpath shell variable 
centering lines, script for 
CERT
    intruder detection checklist 
    safely setting up anonymous FTP, guide for 
    security checklists 
    security vulnerabilities, information about 
CGI scripts, Python module for  2nd 
cgrep script  2nd 
chain of processes to a window 
change command (ex) 
change times for files 
    inode information 
        find -ctime, accessing with 
character classes
    for ASCII characters 
    defining in Perl regular expressions 
character commands in vi 
character sets (in regular expressions) 
    exceptions to, indicating with [^ ] 
    matching a character with 
    repeating with * 
character strings  [See strings]
characters
    converting with tr command 
    counting with tail -c command 
    counting with wc command  2nd 
    deleting from a file with dd 
    deleting in Emacs 
    nonprintable
        displaying with od c command 
    nonprinting  [See also special characters]
        showing with cat -v or od -c 
    ranges of, specifying for regular expressions 
    special  [See special characters]
    translating with tr command 
charClass resource (xterm) 
checkout command (co) in RCS 
checkout, CVS repository 
checksed script 
chess script 
chgrp command 
child processes 
    changes to environment of 
    environment variables, inheritance of 
    exit status returned to parent 
    file descriptors given to 
    killing parent of 
    relationship to parent 
    signals and 
child signal 
CHLD (child) signal 
chmod command  2nd  3rd 
    -R option 
        changing permissions for directory tree 
    = operator 
    adding and subtracting permissions 
    go+rx bin to give other users access to bin directory 
    go-w bin, write access to bin directory 
    numeric mode 
    permissions, changing 
    symbolic modes 
chmod function (Perl) 
chopping columns out of a file 
chown command 
chown function (Perl) 
Christiansen, Tom 
chroot, anonymous FTP connections 
ci (checkin) command (RCS) 
Citrix 
    Metaframe  2nd 
class methods (Python) 
class of objects, application resources associated with 
class variables (Python) 
classes (Python) 
clean alias, removing stale files with 
cleanup script 
clear command 
clear text SMB passwords 
CLICOLOR environment variable 
clients
    ICA 
    Python as web client 
    RDP, for Unix (rdesktop) 
    RDP, HOBLink JWT 
    remote, starting for X window systems 
        from interactive logins 
        with rsh and ssh 
    SSH, problems with 
    Unix VNC, connecting to Windows server 
    VNC (Virtual Network Computing) 
CLIPBOARD selection (xterm) 
clock in Unix 
close command (awk) 
close( ) method (for Perl objects) 
closing windows
    by exiting the shell 
    by killing window processes 
cmd field in crontab entries 
cmp operator (Perl) 
cmp program 
co (checkout) command (RCS) 
    -j option, merging file versions with 
    -p option, sending file to standard output 
Collinson, Peter 
color
    displaying names of with ls command 
    in shell prompts 
    LS_COLORS environment variable  2nd 
columns
    chopping out of a file 
    column utility, creating with 
        rebalancing into table with variable-width columns 
    cutting 
    ls -C command, listing output in  2nd 
    pasting data into 
    searching files for character in 
    straightening 
    text in, with pr command 
COLUMNS environment variable 
comma (,) in filenames 
comma, Òfat commaÓ operator (=>) 
command characters  [See special characters]
command command, disabling shell function lookup 
command directories 
command editing mode 
command interpreters  [See shells]
command line 
    aliases for arguments 
    as shell scripts 
    awk 
    building strings with { } 
    completion features 
        command-specific completion 
        editor functions for 
        Emacs 
        Emacscommand completion  [See command line]
        filename completion 
        filename completion, ignoring file suffixes 
        menu completion 
    editing on  2nd  3rd 
        bash shell 
        Emacs editing mode 
        ksh (Korn shell)  2nd 
        tcsh shell 
        vi editing mode 
        zsh shell 
    executing commands with long list of files as arguments 
    finding last argument on 
    interactive applications, controlling with Expect program 
    interpretation by shell 
    multiline commands and secondary prompts 
    parameters, unsetting 
    parsing 
    repeating commands 
        at set intervals 
        copy and paste, using 
        with variations 
    reprinting wilth CTRL-r 
    saving to file 
    sed editor 
    separating commands with semicolon (\:) 
    shortcuts 
    string-editing (\:) operators 
    submitting for execution at a later time 
    too many arguments, dealing with 
command search path  [See search path]
command substitution  2nd  3rd 
    Bourne shell quoting and 
    examples of 
    excluding files from rm command 
    find command output, using with 
    in for loops 
    grep command, using in vi editor 
    nested 
command-line arguments
    @ARGV array passed to Perl scripts 
    finding last 
    handling in Bourne shell scripts 
        for loops, using 
    parsing 
    parsing standard 
    of a process 
    quoting  2nd 
    setting and parsing 
    starting with - (dash)  2nd 
    storing single-line string in 
    tar, correct order for 
    testing with case statement 
command-line parameters  [See command-line arguments]
commands
    ampersand (&) character at the end of, putting into background with 
    awk utility, categories of 
    binding to keys 
    built-in  2nd 
        faster prompt setting with 
    combining with grouping ( ) operator 
    custom, creating 
        Bourne-type aliases 
        if-then-else, putting in C shell alias 
        Korn shell aliases 
        shell functions 
        sourceable scripts 
        zsh aliases 
    default, specifying shell with #! 
    displaying running commands 
    ex editor 
    exit status of 
    external, shell execution of 
    filtering text through with vi editor 
        fmt command, neatening lines with 
    finding where located 
    functions, working with 
    history of 
    in .exrc file for vi editor 
    interactive 
    internal and external 
    interpretation by shells  2nd 
        arguments passed to a script, showing 
        Bourne shell quoting 
        C shell quoting 
        choosing built-in, external or shell functions in bash 
        choosing built-in, external, or shell functions in C shell 
        evaluation of command line 
        executing external commands 
        interactive use vs. shell scripts 
        overwriting files accidentally 
        quoting with here documents 
        redirections 
        running other programs 
        search path for commands 
        wildcards in aliases 
    joining with pipes 
    in .logout file 
    logout file, creating for Bourne and Korn shells 
    multiple control commands, while loops with 
    naming 
    null 
    PATH environment variable 
    periodic 
    preprompt  2nd 
    printed in parentheses by ps 
    printing
        without executing (\:p operator) 
        System V 
    putting names of into shell prompts 
    redefining with aliases, problems with 
    redirection  [See redirecting input and output]
    remote-login utilities 
    repeating  [See repeating commands]
    running at login 
    running one while using another with shell escapes 
    search path 
        rehash command, updating with 
    search table (C shells), resetting 
    sed editor 
        operations of 
    sed, order of 
    sequences of, executing automatically with Emacs 
    standard input, reading 
    storing for startup of vi 
    Tcl 
    typing at the shell prompt 
    versions 
    versions of 
    vi editor
        custom, creating 
        line vs. character 
commenting
    #, shell understanding of 
    \: and #, beginning with 
    Bourne shell
        using \: in place of # 
    for ease of use 
    in zsh 
    RCS files 
    shell scripts 
    smb.conf files 
    in X resource files 
comments
    in crontab entries 
    in Emacs editor 
    in .exrc file for vi editor 
    lines in program comment block, cleaning up 
committing modifications to CVS files 
Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) 
communicating with Unix 
communications utilities 
compare
    two most recent revisions of several RCS files 
comparing
    file-times, exact comparisons 
    files 
        cmp program, using 
        diff commands, using 
        make program, using 
    lines for uniqueness (uniq command) 
    numbers 
    strings for pattern matching 
    word counts in two files 
complete command 
completion features of shells 
    editor functions for 
    filename completion 
        ignoring file suffixes 
    menu completion 
Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN)  2nd 
Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN) 
compress command 
compressed files
    encoding into 7-bit representation 
    filename extensions 
    manpage, finding with grep -Z 
    tar archive 
    tar utility
        gzip and bzip2 utilities 
compressing a directory tree 
    fine-tuning 
compressing files 
compression
    bzip2 utility 
    GNU tar archives 
    gzip
        unpacking tar archives 
    tar archives, advantages and disadvantages 
Computer Emergency Response Team  [See CERT]
concatenate  [See cat command]
concatenating strings with . operator 
concatenation in regular expressions 
Concurrent Version System  [See CVS]
conditional expressions  [See expressions, conditional]
configuration files
    .exrc for vi editor 
    /etc/inetd.conf file 
    bash shell 
    C shells
        reading at different times 
    configure.in file (Makefile.in) 
    daemons, rereading of 
    etc/inetd.conf file 
    ifconfig, for network devices 
    kernel, device lines from 
    Korn shell 
    login shells
        contents of 
    man (/etc/man.config) 
    named.conf 
    pathnames in 
    shells 
        .cshrc.$HOST file for per host setup 
        automatic terminal setups 
        C shell 
        system-wide setup 
    smb.conf 
    sources.list 
    system 
    tcsh shell 
    for vi editor (.exrc) 
    zsh shells 
configuration information, manipulation in DoS attacks 
configure command 
configuring
    anonymous FTP server 
    color ls 
    devices, user-space tools for 
    filesystem mounts 
    installed software packages 
    kernel 
    Message Transfer Agents (MTAs) 
    modems 
    network devices with ifconfig 
    USB 
    workstations with DHCP 
configuring terminals 
    finding terminal settings with stty command 
    hung terminals, fixing 
    querying terminal type with qterm 
    size of xterm windows 
    terminal type, setting 
    xterm 
        copy and paste between windows 
        fonts changing dynamically 
        menus 
        xclipboard 
    xterms
        fonts selecting 
confirming
    file deletions with rm -i 
    substitutions in vi 
connectivity 
    /etc/services (database of well-known ports) 
    configuring anonymous FTP server 
    DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) 
    diagnosing network problems with ping and traceroute 
    DNS (Domain Name Service) 
    firewalls 
    gatewaying form personl LAN over a modem 
    gateways and NAT 
    inetd file, managing Internet services 
    mail 
    SSH (Secure Shell) 
    status and troubleshooting 
    TCP/IP addresses and ports 
consoles
    serial 
constant-width fonts  2nd 
    in xterm 
constants, scalars defined as in Perl scripts 
CONT (continue) signal 
context diffs 
continue command  2nd 
continue command (awk) 
control characters  2nd 
    Emacs and 
    ex and vi editors and 
    od -c command, displying with 
    quoting in Emacs 
    storing in shell variables 
    X event translations 
controlling process 
controlling terminal 
controlling tty, write command and 
Conway, Damian 
Cooper, Michael 
copy and paste
    configuring xterms for 
    repeating command with 
    in tty-type virtual consoles 
    into windows running vi 
copy command (ex) 
copying
    archives, without asking for password 
    directory trees with tar and pipes 
    everything you do into a file with script 
    files  2nd 
        between filesystems 
        ownership of copy 
        scp utility 
    files to different directories 
    links 
    remote files, shortcut for 
    text with vi editor 
copying text
    between xterm windows 
    button combinations for selecting in xterms 
    xclipboard, using in xterms 
core dumps
    eliminating entirely 
    files, wildcard matching and 
    limiting file size 
    QUIT signal, creating with 
core flavors of Unix 
corrupt files 
cos command (awk) 
count command 
count.it script 
counting
    characters, lines, and words in files 
counting occurrences with vi editor 
cp command  2nd 
    -p option 
    exit status 
    i option 
cpio command 
cpio operator (find command) 
cpio utility 
cps shell function 
CPU
    /proc/cpuinfo file 
    listing usage by processes 
CPU time 
CPU-bound process 
    lowering scheduling priority with nice 
create function (tar) 
cron command  2nd 
cron daemon 
cron system  2nd 
    crontab entries, adding 
    execution scheduling 
    Expect scripts, using 
    jobs, running on system environment 
    limiting file size 
    standard input, including in cron entry 
    trash directory, cleaning out 
crontab command 
crontab entries  2nd 
    adding 
    editing 
    example 
    removing 
    time fields 
crontab files 
    find commands, adding to 
    personal 
crontab system
    e option
        finding your files with wrong permissions 
crontab.local file 
cryptdir script 
cryptography
    keys, problems with on SSH 
csh (C shell)
    at command output, quieting 
    hangups, background processes and 
    job control commands 
    limiting file size 
    nice command
        BSD Unix 
        System V 
    PWD environment variable
        Emacs and 
    quoting in scripts 
    shell variables
        listing 
    stop command 
    stty -tostop command, background jobs writing to terminal 
    unlimit coredumpsize command 
    wildcards, failing to match 
csh shell 
csh time variable 
CSHRC_READ environment variable 
csplit program 
    -f option 
    s option 
CTAN (Comprehensive TEX Archive Network) 
ctime (change time for files) 
ctime command
    time conversion routines 
CTRL -\ (to quit) 
CTRL key
    specifying with stty command 
CTRL-c command
    aborting programs 
    canceling commands with 
    INT signal, sending 
    killing foreground job 
CTRL-command, sending QUIT signal 
CTRL-d (end-of-input character) 
CTRL-d command
    ending scripts 
    exiting Bourne shell 
CTRL-g in Emacs, canceling entire operation 
Ctrl-M character 
CTRL-q (Emacs quoting command) 
CTRL-q command
    killing processes 
CTRL-q command, restarting stopped output 
CTRL-r (reprint) character 
CTRL-s command 
    stopping output 
CTRL-v
    escaping keys in vi mappings 
CTRL-x in Emacs macros 
CTRL-z command  2nd  3rd  4th 
    putting jobs in background 
    stopping a subshell 
CTRLv
    temporarily disabling vi keymaps 
CUPS (Common Unix Printing System) 
curl application  2nd 
current directory  2nd  3rd  4th 
    advantages of 
    alias for, storing in shell variable 
    determining group file ownership 
    finding 
    in C-shell status line 
    links to 
    PWD environment variable 
    quick finds in 
    in shell prompts 
        dirs command output, using 
        multiline C-shell prompt 
current job  2nd 
current process
    statistics on 
cursor for xterm windows  [See pointer]
cursors
    moving in vi text-input mode without arrow keys 
custom commands, creating 
    Bourne-type aliases 
    if-then-else, putting in C shell alias 
    Korn shell aliases 
    propagating shell functions 
        exporting bash functions 
        FPATH search path 
    shell functions 
        functions calling functions 
        loops, using 
        simulating in Bourne shell 
    sourceable scripts 
    zsh aliases 
customization
    Emacs  2nd 
        and how to avoid 
        searches 
customizing
    X Window System 
cut command  2nd  3rd  4th 
    who command output, cutting 
cutting and pasting text
    between vi's 
cvs
    CVS_RSH environment variable 
    CVSROOT environment variable  2nd 
CVS
    Emacs support of 
cvs
    remote repositories 
    repositories 
CVS (Concurrent Version Control) system 
CVS (Concurrent Version System) 
    archiving files 
    cvs add command 
    cvs checkout command 
    cvs commit command 
    cvs diff 
    cvs import command 
    cvs init command 
    cvs log command 
        conflicting change, examining log message on 
    cvs remove command 
    cvs update command 
    cvsroot directory for archive storage 
cvs diff command 
CVS_RSH environment variable 
CVSROOT environment variable  2nd 
cwd shell variable 
cwdcmd alias for tcsh shell status line updates 
cx script

[SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]

d or D (delete) command, sed editor 
d or D (delete) commands, sed editor 
daemons 
    controlling terminal and 
    cron daemon 
    DHCP 
    inetd
        disabling for security 
    lpd 
        filters 
    nmbd 
    printer 
    removable media on Linux 
    restarting with the kill command 
    Samba
        restarting to share printers 
    SMB 
    SMB, running 
    sshd
        .pam file 
        problems with 
    sshd, disabling printing and mail checking for 
    tcpd 
    vold, for removable media 
Darwin  2nd 
    adding users to system 
    enabling root access in 
data types
    Python 
data types (Perl) 
    hashes 
    lists 
    references 
    scalars 
databases
    distributed, updating 
    find command 
date and time
    Bourne shell prompts, putting in 
date and time, including in shell prompt 
date command 
    + option 
    current date in dynamic shell prompt 
dater script 
dd command
    creating file for debugging purposes 
    restoring files from remote tape drives 
    restoring files remotely 
dd utility  2nd 
    splitting files with 
DDoS (distributed denial-of-service attack) 
dead links, listing 
dead processes  [See zombies]
Debian dselect tool  [See dselect tool]
Debian Linux  [See Linux]
debugging
    Bourne shell scripts  2nd 
        copying your work with script program 
        line numbers reset in redirected loops 
        making a file for testing 
        numeric tests, errors in 
        output, piping to pager 
        quoting command line arguments 
        saving output in file and displaying on screen 
        shell variable 
        shell variables 
        string test syntax errors 
        time keeping on Unix systems 
        unmatched code or fi unexpected errors 
        unmatched operators 
    core dumps and 
    keysyms 
    network connectivity 
    Perl code in Emacs editor 
    recursion depth, messages about 
    setup files for account with hung terminal 
    su command, using to emulate accounts 
decimal numbers
    sorting with sort 
declaring variables in Perl 
decoding uuencoded tar files 
decompressing files
    bunzip2 program 
dedent script, removing whitespace from text 
deferencing references 
defining
    Python functions 
DEL character 
delayed execution 
    at command 
    cron system 
    sleep command 
delete (d or D) commands, sed editor 
    multiline delete 
delete command (awk) 
delete command (ex) 
delete function (Perl) 
DELETE key 
    Emacs editor 
    erase character 
    location for 
    redefined, debugging with xevBACKSPACE 
delete script 
deleted files
    archiving on tape 
deleted text, recovering with vi editor 
deleting
    characters from a file with dd 
    d command, sed editor 
    directories 
    duplicate lines 
        Perl script, using 
    extra characters with ^ 
    files  2nd  [See also removing files]
        -inum and -exec operators, using with find command 
        by last access date 
        confirmation before deleting 
        with Emacs 
        preventing by making directories unwritable 
        program for 
        RCS system 
        wildcards and 
    files with nonprint characters in names 
    function definitions 
    linked files 
    unconnected symbolic links 
deleting files
    archiving deleted files with tar 
denial-of-service attacks (DoS)  2nd 
    comsuming all resources 
    manipulation of configuration information 
    physical attacks on equipment 
    swap space vulnerability in 
dependency conflicts in package installation/removal 
dereferencing operator (->) 
deroff command 
deroff w command 
desktops
    display numbers 
    Gnome and Enlightenment programs 
    rdesktop (RDP client for Unix) 
    sharing with VNC 
        connecting to Windows VNC server 
        setting VNC up on Unix 
destroying processes with kill 
device drivers 
device drivers, resetting to kill processes 
devices 
    dialup PPP session, setting up 
    disk partitioning 
    filesystem types and /etc/fstab 
    filesystems
        removable, mounting/umounting 
    kernel boot output, reading 
    kernel configuration 
    loopback mounts 
    modems 
    network filesystems, mounting 
    network, configuring with ifconfig 
    not recognized by kernel 
    serial consoles 
    sound cards 
    Universal Serial Bus (USB), configuring 
df command 
    output, parsing with sed 
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) 
    NAT and 
dialback script 
dialup session, setting up 
dialup terminal type 
dictionaries
    ispell program, adding words to 
    spell program 
    system word file 
dictionary files for spell command 
dictionary order, sorting in 
dierctory hierarchy 
diff command 
    -c option
        added lines, listing of 
        changed lines, marking of 
        deletions, listing of 
        difference sections, marking of 
        listings, start of 
        running on lists of files 
    -e option 
    -u option
        added lines, listing of 
        changed lines, marking of 
        deletions, listing of 
        difference sections, marking of 
        listings, start of 
    batch editing, use in 
    cmp program vs. 
    comparing sets of files 
    context diffs 
    cvs 
    CVS, use with 
    diff3 script 
    output, feeding to patch program 
    r option 
    sdif command 
    tabstops, problems with 
dig command  2nd 
    DNS queries with 
dircolors command
    -p option 
    LS_COLORS environment variable, setting 
dircolors command (GNU) 
directories
    !$ sequence 
    /u 
    absolute pathnames and 
    aliases for 
    archived on tape drives, restoring 
    automatic setup for entering and exiting 
    backing up
        excluding files from backup 
    browsing with shell arrays 
    changing  2nd 
    changing with c (shell function) 
    comparing with diff -r command 
    contents of 
    counting files in 
    current  [See also current directory]
    current directory 
    deep directory tree, finding files in 
    deleting 
    directory tree
        archives/backups of 
        changing permissions of 
        compressing  2nd 
        copying with tar and pipes 
        grepping 
        skipping parts with find command 
    directory tree, duplicating 
    dirname command 
    Emacs editor, viewing and manipulating in 
    emacs hacks 
    files in 
    files, finding 
        change and modification times 
        oldest and newest with ls -t and ls -u 
        subdirectories, listing with ls -R 
    finding files
        GNU ls command, features of  2nd 
        listing directories with ls -d 
    home 
        finding (for anyone) 
    linking 
    links to 
    listing contents with ls -lai command 
    manual page files, searching for 
    organization of 
        access 
        bin directory for programs and scripts 
        creating many 
        creating new 
        naming files 
        private or personal 
    ownership 
    permissions  [See also permissions]2nd 
        execute without read permission 
        fully accessible directory within unreadable 
        search access 
        search permission 
        sticky bit and 
    printing files to 
    remotely mounted, hung terminals and 
    safer file deletion in 
    in search path 
    sharing local with SMB network 
    sharing with SMB network 
    subdirectories 
        creating 
    temporary changes in 
    temporary, setting different for vi 
    write permission, denying to limit file creation 
directory stack 
    clearing with dirs -c 
    clearing with popd command 
directorys
    moving to temporarily with pushd and popd commands 
Dired mode (Emacs) 
dirname command 
    bugs in 
    loops, using with 
dirs command 
    -c option, clearing the stack 
    output in prompt, using 
dirsfile variable for tcsh shells 
disabling bash built-in commands 
disk controllers 
disk quotas 
    file permissions, changing without chown 
disk space
    hard links vs. symbolic links 
    reports on 
    swap space for temporary files 
disk space, optimizing 
    compressed tar archive 
    compressing a directory tree 
        fine-tuning 
    compressing files 
    emptyig files 
    executable binaries, stripping 
    limiting file sizes 
    links and 
    log files and 
    quotas on disk usage 
disks 
    partitioning 
        PCs 
    removable, mounting/unmounting 
disown command 
    vs. nohup 
disowned processes
    controlling terminal and 
    killing parent processes by name 
display command, vis vs. 
DISPLAY environment variable  2nd  3rd 
    checking setting in xwrist script 
    hard-coded into shell setup file on remote machine 
    setting for remote X client 
DISTDIR environment variable 
distributed database, updating 
distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS) 
distribution release for software packages 
Distutils program 
dmesg command
    getting last ten lines from 
DNS (Domain Name Service)
    cache, checking 
    NETBIOS name 
    queries, making with dig 
DNS MX (mail exchanger) record for a host, looking up 
do command (awk) 
DocBook 
doctor program 
documentation  [See also (see also manual pages]
    Perl  2nd 
domains, NT 
Doman Name Service  [See DNS]
DoS  [See denial-of-service attacks]
dos2unix application 
dot (.)  [See ., Under Symbols]
dot (.) files
    showing with ls -a option  2nd 
    wildcard matching and 
double quotes  [See ", under Symbols]2nd  [See ", under Symbols]
doubled word typing errors, finding 
downloading files from the Internet with wget 
drive controllers
    kernel boot output for 
dselect tool 
    access method, choosing 
    choosing packages for installation or removal 
    configuring packages 
    exiting 
    exiting select function 
    installing packages 
    removing packages 
    updating information on available packages 
du command 
    -k option 
    s option 
dump command
    arguments, correct order for 
    industrial strength backups with 
dumping files to the screen 
    cat command 
duplicate lines, deleting  2nd 
    Perl script, using 
DVD-ROMs 
DVI (Òdevice independentÓ) printer language 
DVORAK keyboards  2nd 
dynamic expansion in Emacs 
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 
dynamic IP addresses 
dynamic prompts 
    simulating

[SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]

each function (Perl) 
EBCDIC, converting ASCII to 
echo command
    awk or cut, using with 
    backslashes (\) in shell quoting and argument separation 
    checking shell interpretation of regular expression special characters 
    ending with n\\>&m operator 
    escaped characters, handling 
    external versions of 
    opttest script (example) 
    PATH for directory, finding 
    printing value of individual shell variable 
    showing values of variables 
    storing control characters in shell variables 
    testing filenames with wildcards in them 
    turning off for secret answers 
    writing special escape sequences 
    zmore script, use in 
echo shell variable 
ed editor  2nd 
    batch editing, example of 
    diff command, using with script 
    ex commands and 
    failure on big files 
    search and replacement patterns, regular expression metacharacters in 
edit option (xrdb) 
editing
    advanced techniques in Emacs 
    columns, creating automatically with column 
    command-line, with ksh 
    history and variable substitutions with \: (colon) string editing operators 
    interactive, on command line 
    interactive, on shell command line
        command history 
    paired item checking in text 
    scripts for 
        behead script, removing mail/news headers 
        centering lines 
        cutting columns or fields 
        encoding binary files into ASCII 
        fmt.sh 
        joining lines with join 
        making text in columns with pr 
        offset script, indenting text 
        pasting into columns 
        program comment blocks, cleaning up  2nd 
        rotating text with rot 
        splitting files by context (csplit) 
        straightening jagged columns columns 
        text conversion with dd 
        translating characters with tr 
        uniq command 
        writing 
    spell checking  [See spell checking]
editing modes (command) 
editing modes, Emacs 
EDITOR environment variable 
editors
    batch  2nd  [See also entries under individual editor names]
        awk 
        ed 
        ex 
        line addressing 
        patch 
        sed 
    completion, functions for 
    EDITOR environment variable 
    Emacs  2nd  3rd  [See also Emacs editor]
    file ownership and 
    ignoring signals 
    locking files before editing 
    Python 
    sed 
    vi  2nd  [See also vi editor]
        running ex scripts in 
    vim 
egrep command  2nd  3rd 
    -f option 
    -i option 
    -v option
        excluding files from deletion 
    case-insensitive searches, faking 
    extended regular expressions, use of  2nd 
    picking processes to kill 
    regular expression, building for 
    regular expressions to match tar archive filenames 
    regular expressions used with, search pattern examples 
    running on RCS files 
eight-bit filenames, deleting files with 
elapsed time 
elif statement 
else statement 
    using while leaving then empty 
Emacs editor  2nd 
    .emacs file
        abbreviations in 
        search customization file, adding to 
    advantages of 
    backup and auto-save files 
    backup files 
        ignoring with ls -B 
    built-in editor functions in pdksh shell 
    command completion 
    command-line editing 
    customization 
        and how to avoid 
    deleting characters and lines 
    directories for hacks 
    exiting 
    features, listing of 
        cusomization 
        editing modes 
        FTP 
        HTTP 
        keyboard macros and advanced editing 
        mail 
        mouse, not having to use with 
        windows 
    file ownership 
    insert mode vs. overwrite 
    inserting binary characters into files 
    moving around in 
    online help, key bindings abbreviations vs. those used in this book 
    psychotherapist program 
    PWD, unsetting before using 
    searches, customization of 
    shells, running in 
    signals, ignoring 
    starting 
    temporary files generated by 
    undoing actions 
email  [See also mail]
    header and body, proper formation of 
    MH system, command completion for 
    reformatting messages for xterms 
    shortcut for multiple addresses 
    SMTP (Simple Message Transfer Protocol) 
empty files  2nd 
empty num variable, numeric test error 
empty passwords, SSH server and 
emptying files 
emulating Windows API (wine program) 
enable command 
encoding
    binary files into ASCII 
        MIME encoding 
        uuencoding 
    full binary text with base64 
encrypting all files in a directory (crypdir script) 
end anchor ($) in regular expressions 
end of a file, displaying with tail command 
End of file unexpected error 
    exit early, using to find error 
END pattern, awk 
end-of-file character (expect eof command) 
end-of-input character (usually CTRL-d) 
end-of-line characters  [See newlines]
endless loops 
    starting with shell functions 
Enlightenment 
enscript program 
entering directories, automatic setup for 
env command  2nd  3rd 
    checking for environment changes at different systems 
    running scripts from kernel 
ENV environment variable 
    Bourne shells, setting up 
    Korn shells, setting 
environment 
    current process, finding for 
    temporary changes in 
environment variables  2nd 
    $HOME 
    $HOME and $LOGDIR 
    AT 
    CBLKWID (comment block width) 
    CDPATH 
    CLICOLOR 
    in .cshrc.$HOST file 
    CSHRC_READ 
    CVS_RSH 
    CVSROOT  2nd 
    DISPLAY  2nd 
        setting for remote X client 
    DISTDIR 
    EDITOR 
    ENV, for Bourne shells 
    EXINIT  2nd 
    FPATH 
    HISTFILESIZE 
    HISTSIZE  2nd 
    HOME 
    LINES and COLUMNS 
    LOGDIR 
    LS_COLORS 
    LSCOLORS 
    MANPATH  2nd 
    modification by programs 
    names 
    PATH 
        path shell variable and 
    predefined, listing of 
    PWD 
    SAVEHIST (zsh) 
    setting in shell setup files 
    SHELL 
    shell functions and 
    shell functions, changing for 
    shell variables vs.  2nd 
    SHLVL 
    system-wide setup 
        C shells 
    TERM  2nd 
    terminal setup, testing for 
    WINNAME 
    WORDLIST  2nd 
    zsh shells 
epoch 
eq operator 
equality
    ne (string inequality test) operator 
erase character
    # as 
    BACKSPACE 
    DELETE 
erase character, setting automatically for X terminals 
erase characters, setting 
error messages  [See also standard error]
    program names included in 
    scrolling off screen 
    signals as 
errors
    End of file unexpected 
        exit early, using to find error 
        unmatched operators as cause 
    fi unexpected 
    line #\: ;; unexpected 
    numeric test syntax errors 
    stderr  [See standard error]
    string test syntax errors 
    wildcard matching failure 
ESC key
    file completion and 
ESC Z string 
ESC-x in Emacs 
escape sequences
    copied by script program into files 
    for colors 
    nonprinting, in shell prompts 
    prompt settings and 
    titlebar text, changing in xterms 
    writing with echo command 
    xterm VT Fonts menu 
escaping regular expression metacharacters 
etc/group file
    passwords 
ethereal program 
Ethernet address 
ethernet cards 
eval command  2nd 
    awk compared to 
    last parameter from command line, picking 
    resize output, evaluating 
    scanning contents of variables 
    sed, using with 
evaluating
    expressions  2nd 
    multiple commands 
event translations 
    overriding default 
    translation table 
events 
ex command, line-numbering with 
ex editor 
    appending to file 
    batch editing, example of 
    capitalizing words 
    commands 
    confirming substitutions 
    deleting by patterns 
    ex command mode in vi 
    file recovery 
    global command 
    line addressing  2nd 
    multiple setup files 
    protecting vi keymaps from interpretation by 
    quoting | (vertical bar) 
    regular expressions used in
        search and replace commands 
    running scripts in vi 
    saving part of file 
    search and replacement patterns, regular expression metacharacters in 
    search patterns and global commands, using 
    settings 
    startup commands 
    switching between files 
    yank buffers 
exchange command (x), sed editor  2nd 
excluding files from deletion 
exec command 
    manipulation of file descriptors 
    replacing one shell with another 
    typing at shell prompt 
exec system call 
    typing at a shell prompt 
executable files
    #!, making directly executable with 
    chmod command 
    external, tracking locations with aliases 
    last-access time 
    locating for programs 
    multiple commands linked to a file 
    permissions on 
    strip command 
execute permission
    changing with chmod 
    for directories 
    script for changing 
    shell scripts 
    without read permission 
execution statistics, report summarizing 
execution, delayed  [See delayed execution]
exim program 
EXINIT environment variable  2nd 
exists function (Perl) 
exit ( ) function (Perl) 
exit command
    awk utility 
    effect on subshells 
    ending scripts 
    lpc 
    reading logout file when using 
exit status
    dead processes and 
    diff and cmp, returned by 
    of loops 
    of pipelines 
    printing for any program not returning zero 
    returned by \: operator 
    returned by processes 
    reversing for command line in bash and zsh 
    rm and rm -f command 
    sh -e command 
    testing with if statement 
    testing with loops 
    of Unix processes 
    values for expr  2nd 
    zero 
exit test, if (! $?prompt) 
exiting
    directories, automatic setup for 
    Emacs 
    loops 
    shell to close a window 
exp command (awk) 
expansion of wildcards by shells 
    quoting regular expressions to prevent 
    shortcuts 
expect command 
expect eof command 
Expect programs 
    automating /bin/passwd 
    cryptdir script 
    dialback script 
    passmass script 
    rftp script 
    Tcl language, writing in 
    testing interactive programs 
exporting bash shell functions 
expr command  2nd 
    arguments
        $* 
        $@ 
    arithmetic operators used with 
    examples of 
    exit status values 
    logical operators used with 
    matching parts of strings with regular expressions 
    relational operators used with 
    syntax 
    testing character strings 
expressions  2nd  [See also operators]3rd 
    conditional  2nd 
    order of evaluation in Perl 
    in Python lambdas 
    regular expressions vs. 
extended expressions, matching more than one process 
extended grep  [See egrep command]
extended partition 
extended regular expressions  2nd 
extensions, filename 
    \:e string editing operator 
    wildcard matching and 
external commands  2nd  3rd 
    C shell, determining whether to use 
    creating subshell for execution in Perl 
    executing 
    setting shell variables with 
extract function (tar)

[SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]

factorial functions 
failure of commands, indication in exit status 
false (exit status) utility 
false values in Perl 
fast find commands
    database for 
    databases for 
    matching shell wildcards 
fc command
    -e option, starting editor and loading file with recent history 
    -l option, listing previous commands 
fg command  2nd 
    job numbers, supplying to 
fgrep command  2nd 
    running on RCS files 
fgrep command (fixed grep)
    -f option 
fi statements 
fi unexpected error 
fields
    in crontab entries 
    cutting 
    separating with \: (colon) 
    sort command 
        changing delimiter 
fignore shell variable 
file access mode  [See permissions]
file descriptors 
    closing 
    files currently pointing to, viewing 
    manipulation by exec command 
    open files and 
        shell redirecation capabilities 
        standard error or stderr 
        standard input or stdin 
        standard output or stdout 
    redirecting 
file permissions  [See permissions]
file protection mode, supplying for directories 
file protocol (URI types) 
file utility 
File\:\:Find module (Perl) 
filehandles in Perl 
filenames 
    changing with rename function (Perl) 
    completion by shells  2nd 
    conventions 
    converting form uppercase to lowercase 
    ending with ~ 
    executable vs. source 
    extensions for 
    finding with cat command 
    links and 
    path name components, stripping with basename 
    special characters, quoting in C shell 
    stripped from pathnames 
    symbols in 
    whitespace in 
    wildcards for 
        failing to match 
        fileÕs name and extension as separate entities 
        grep -l command, listing matching files 
        listing of 
        nom script, listing nonmatching files 
        pathnames, not using in 
        shell handling of 
        vgrep script, listing nonmatching files 
files 
    appending to existing with vi editor 
    backing up  [See also backup files]2nd 
        excluding from 
        vi editor, macro for 
    backup and auto-save, Emacs 
    binary, searching 
    comparing
        cmp program, using 
        diff commands, using 
        make program, using 
    compressing 
    copying from subdirectories to single directory 
    counting number in a directory 
    creating, using wildcards 
    deleted, archiving on tape 
    directory contents, explanation of 
    Emacs editor, viewing and manipulating in 
    empty 
    emptying 
    finding 
        access times 
        by age and size 
        change and modification times 
        counting by types 
        GNU ls command, features of  2nd 
        listing subdirectories with ls -R 
        newest file, printing name of 
        nonprintable characters in filenames, showing 
        oldest or newest with ls -t or ls -u 
        showing hidden files with ls -a or ls -A 
        spaces in filenames 
        symbolic links, unconnected 
        type of file in each directory, listing with ls -F 
        unique filenames, picking automatically 
    finding with find command  [See find command]
    hosts.equiv  2nd 
    inodes 
    linking 
        creating and removing links 
        directories, linking 
        directory, links to 
        filenames for symbolic links 
        links, types of 
        reasons for 
        stale symbolic links 
    lockfiles 
    modification by attackers, checking for 
    names for  [See filenames]
    newly created, setting default mode in unmask 
    old and new version, saving with vi editor 
    open, and file descriptors 
    overwriting accidentally 
    ownership of  [See ownership, file]
    packing up and moving  [See archives]
    permissions for  [See permissions]
    printing  [See also printing]
        shortcut for 
    Python, opening, closing and reading 
    reading to/writing from  2nd  [See also redirecting input and output]3rd 
    recovering with vi -r command 
        recovered buffers, cautions about 
    remote, copying to local system 
    removing  [See deleting removing files rm command]
    renaming
        copying or comparing set of 
        interactively 
    saving part of with vi editor 
    searching
        by column, using awk 
        with grep commands 
        look program 
        rcsgrep script 
    security  [See security]
    showing contents of 
        cat -v or od -c, showing nonprinting characters 
        cat command 
        displaying end with tail command 
        file types, finding 
        head, displaying beginning with 
        less and more pagers 
        numbering lines 
        squashing extra blank lines with cat -s 
    size of
        batch editing and 
        limiting 
    splitting by context (csplit) 
    switching among with vi editor 
    temporary 
        handling text with 
    testing 
    uncompressing 
filesystem check (fsck) program 
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) 
    web site information on 
filesystems 
    /proc 
    navigating Unix filesystem 
        cd, speeding up with aliases 
        changing directories 
        changing directories with c (shell function) 
        current directory 
        current directory, finding 
        directories, automatic setup when entering/exiting 
        home directory, finding (for anyone) 
        loop control, break and continue 
        marking your place with shell variable 
        relative and absolute pathnames 
        shell pushd and popd commands 
    NFS and SMBFS, mounting 
    Perl functions for 
    removable, mounting/unmounting 
    synchronizing with rsync program 
    for USBs 
filtering text through Unix commands
    fmt command 
    greps 
filters  2nd 
    apsfilter 
    for graphics 
    grep command as 
    lpd daemon, running files through 
find command 
    $( ) operator, used with 
    -atime operator
        locating files based on last access time 
    -exec operator
        creating custom tests 
        large recursive greps, using for 
    -exec option 
    -inum operator 
    -mtime operator 
    -name operator 
    -newer option, using in incremental file backups 
    -nouser or -nogroup operators 
    -ok option 
    -perm operator 
    -prune operator  2nd 
        quick find in current directory 
    -size operator 
    -type operator 
    -user and -group operators 
    clearing out unneeded files with 
    cpio operator
        archiving deleted files on tape 
    directory tree, delving through 
    duplicating a directory tree 
    fast find commands 
        database for 
        matching shell wildcards 
    fast find databases, using 
    features and basic operators 
    filename-matching patterns 
    files for compression 
    files you own with wrong permissions 
    finding many things with one command 
    grepping a directory tree 
    hard links to a file, finding 
    lookfor script, using in 
    loops using 
    maxdepth operator 
    modified files, checking for 
    networked filesystem, preventing from searching 
    old files, searching for 
    operators 
    regex and iregex options 
    running commands on results 
    search operators 
    skipping parts of directory tree 
    time operators (-mtime, -atime, and -ctime) 
        exact file-time comparisons 
    unconnected symbolic links, finding 
    xargs command, using with 
    exec option
        changing permissions for directory tree 
finding
    current directory 
    file types 
    home directory (for anyone) 
findpt alias 
firewalls 
    gateways functioning as 
fixed dynamic addresses 
fixed grep  [See fgrep command]
fixed length records, converting to/from variable-length records 
flags
    displaying current 
flavors of Unix 
floating-point numbers
    Perl data type 
    sort command and 
floppies 
    backing up to 
    loopback mounts 
flow-control operators for loops (in Perl) 
fmt command 
    -p option, reformatting program source code  2nd  3rd 
    -tuw options 
    disk initializer command 
    ending punctuation for sentences and 
    filtering text from vi editor through 
    filtering vi text through 
    reformatting fortune with 
fmt.sh script 
fmtarg variable (xmessage utility) 
fold utility 
font resource (xterm)  2nd 
fonts
    default 
    selecting 
    xterm, changing dynamically 
        VT Fonts menu 
    xterm, VT Fonts menu  2nd 
for command (awk) 
for loops  2nd  3rd  4th 
    break and continue commands in 
    break and continue, controlling with 
    command-line arguments, handling with  2nd 
    commands, varying while repeating  2nd 
    here documents, using to print form letters 
    in command-line arguments 
    with multiple variables 
    sed scripts, use in 
    standard input, stepping through 
    wildcards, using with 
forcing file removal/moving without warnings 
foreach loop 
foreach loops 
    commands, varying while repeating 
    iterating through arrays 
    iterating through list elements 
foreground color 
foreground jobs
    interrupting with notification of state change in background job 
    killing 
    nice command and 
foreground processes 
    process group and 
fork system call  2nd 
    processes forking out of control 
format
    tape drives 
formatted manpage files 
formatting
    markup languages for 
formatting Python output 
Fortran program source file extension 
fpath array (zsh) 
FPATH environment variable  2nd 
    Korn shell 
    zsh shell  2nd 
free disk space
    checking with df 
free memory
    information about 
Free Software Foundation website 
FreeBSD 
    sections, searching in manpages 
FreeBSD Unix
    disk partitions 
    enabling gatewaying 
    ifconfig file output 
    inetd.conf file 
    info command 
    installing software with FreeBSD packages 
    kernel boot output for devices 
    OpenSSH 
    serial consoles 
    single user mode 
    software installation with FreeBSD Ports 
    software installation with Ports system 
    strings utility, searching for words in binary files 
    swapinfo utility 
fsck (filesystem check) program 
FTP
    anonymous ftp 
    anonymous FTP server, configuring 
    Emacs facility for 
    ftp program 
    ftp protocol (URI types) 
    securing with port forwarding 
function keys, mapping in vi 
functional programming languages, functions in 
functions
    @-functions, vi editor 
        combining 
        defining and using simple 
        newlines in 
        reusing definition 
    buffer overflow, causing 
    built-in editor functions, tcsh 
    C language, boundary checking 
    Perl
        exit( ) 
        filesystem 
        hash functions 
        print 
    Python 
        anonymous, creating 
        class methods 
        defining 
    shell  2nd  3rd  [See also shell functions]
    tar utility

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g or G (get) commands, sed editor  2nd  3rd 
    G (Get) command 
gateways 
    functioning as firewalls 
    personal LAN over a modem 
gawk utility 
    paired item check script 
    standard I/O 
    variables 
    version history 
geometry variable (xmessage utility) 
get (g or G) commands, sed editor  2nd 
    G (Get) command 
get command
    copying files from remote host to Unix machine 
getline command (nawk) 
getopt command 
    parsing output 
getopts command  2nd 
getty program  2nd  3rd 
    Linux virtual consoles, use in 
GID (group ID) 
    primary group, finding for 
    zero, for superuser group 
global (\:g) string editing operator 
global aliases 
global command (ex) 
global commands with pattern matches 
global commands, using in vi editor 
    global searches 
global crontab entries 
global initializations (Emacs), disabling 
global replacements 
globbing
    enabling/preventing in shells 
    shell failure to match wildcards and 
Gnome 
GNU
    autoconf and automake utilities 
    context greps 
    dircolors command 
    Emacs  [See Emacs editor]
    fast find utility (locate) 
    find command, {} and 
    head command 
    ls command 
        -Q (quoting) option 
        displaying color names 
    slocate command 
    spell, download site for 
    tail program 
         follow=name and retry options 
        follow option 
    tar command 
    tar utility 
        command-line arguments, order of 
        gzip and bzip2 options 
        remote tape drive, using with 
        storing absolute pathnames 
        wildcards, using with 
    wget utility 
GNU Readline 
GNU-Darwin auto-installer for OS X (One-Step) 
GNUS (Emacs Usenet client) 
gprof profiler 
grabchars program 
graphical user interfaces  [See GUIs]
graphics
    conversion programs 
graymaps 
greater than (>) operator  2nd 
greater than or equal to (>=) operator 
greedy and non-greedy regular expressions 
grep command 
    -exec operator (find command), using for 
    -l option 
        listing matching files 
    -n option, number lines with 
    -Z option for compressed files 
    cgrep script 
    finding commands containing the word "error" 
    finding file with particular word or string in it 
    lookfor script, using in 
    piping output to pager 
    redirecting output 
    regular expressions used with, search pattern examples 
    regular expressions, evaluating and matching 
    regular expressions, use of
        printing every address in your incoming mailbox 
    v option
        excluding files from deletion 
    who command, using with 
    c option
        listing nonmatching files 
    e option 
grep commands
    agrep  2nd 
    case-insensitive searches 
    compound searches  2nd 
    egrep  2nd 
    egrep -f and fgrep -f 
    fgrep 
    GNU context greps 
        -A option 
        -B option 
        -C option 
    grep 
        -c option 
        -i option 
        -l option 
        -v option  2nd 
        -w option 
        ps command, using with 
    highlighting text with hgrep 
    multiline context grep using sed 
    rcsgrep  2nd 
    running on RCS files with rcsgrep script 
    searching files for matching line of text 
group ID  [See GID]
grouping operator (( ))  2nd  3rd 
groups
    denying permissions with 
    file ownership 
    file ownership, determining 
    group ownership and 
    ownership of files in directories 
    ownership of files, changing 
    permissions
        denying 
        directory with setgid bit 
        listing for files 
        setting to same as file owner 
    process groups 
    Unix user/group infrastructure 
groups command  2nd 
gsub command (awk) 
gt operator (Perl) 
guest accounts 
GUIs (graphical user interfaces) 
    operating systems 
    Python 
    Tcl/Tk commands for, using in wish shell 
    wrapping interactive programs with, using Expect 
gunzip utility 
    -N option 
    recreating original tar files with 
    c option, writing uncompressed data to standard output 
gzcat command 
gzip utility  2nd  3rd  4th 
    gzip -c command 
    gzip l command

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h or H (hold) commands, sed editor 
    h command 
hacking 
handlers for DDoS attacks 
hangups  [See HUP signals]
hangups, background processes and 
hard disk quota limits 
hard drives 
hard links  2nd 
    -i file in home directory for confirmation of file deletion 
    broken 
    copying 
    disk space and 
    finding for files 
    symbolic links vs. 
    tar -l command, printing messages about 
    to .enter and .exit files 
hardware 
    /proc filesystem files 
    dialup PPP sessions 
    disk partitioning 
        PCs 
    filesystem types and /etc/fstab 
    filesystems
        mounting NFS and SMBFS 
    kernel boot output for devices 
    kernel configuration to support 
    modems 
    network devices, configuring 
    serial consoles 
    sound cards and other 
    supported hardware lists 
    USB configuration 
hash codes 
hash command 
hashes (Perl)  2nd 
    functions for 
    iterating over 
head command  2nd  3rd  4th 
    c option to print characters/bytes 
    GNU version, c nk and c nm options 
    n option to control number of lines displayed 
head of a pathname (\:h operator) 
headers, mail
    creating with cat 
    proper formation of 
    removing with behead script 
help 
    command versions 
    info commands 
    man command 
    searching online manual pages 
    terminals, tty command 
    Unix system names 
    whatis command 
    whereis command 
    who command 
help command (lpc) 
here documents  2nd 
hereis document terminators 
hgrep script 
hidden files, listing with and ls -a and ls -A 
hierarchy, filesystem 
highlighting 
    hgrep script, using 
    in shell prompts 
histchars shell variable, changing history characters with 
histfile shell variable (tcsh) 
HISTFILESIZE environment variable 
history command 
    -d and -f options, showing dates and times 
    -D option, showing elapsed time 
    -h option 
    -r (reverse) option 
        bash shell, cautions about using 
    -w option 
    listing specified number of previous commands 
history number in shell prompts  2nd  3rd 
    multiline C-shell prompt 
history of commands  2nd 
    !$ sequence for safety with wildcards 
    changing history characters with histchars 
    checking with \:p operator 
    history numbers 
    history substitution
        !$ sequence 
        !\:n* sequence 
        mkdir command, using with 
    history substitutions 
    narrowing searches with 
    passing to other shells 
    repeating commands with 
    saving history in history file 
        bash, ksh, and zsh shells 
        C shells 
    shell command line-editing 
        bash 
        Emacs editing mode 
        ksh (Korn shell) 
        tcsh shell 
        vi editing mode 
        zsh 
history shell variable 
history substitution  2nd  3rd 
    disabling in bash 
    editing substitutions in C shells, zsh, and bash 
    for loop, using for 
HISTSIZE environment variable  2nd 
HOBLink JWT RDP client 
hold (h or H) commands, sed editor  2nd 
    h command 
HOLD SCREEN button 
hold space (sed editor) 
    transforming part of a line, use in 
home directory 
    bin subdirectory, creating 
    finding  2nd 
    HOME environment variable 
    pathname of 
HOME environment variable  2nd 
host allow directive 
host tool 
host-based access control 
host-based modems 
hostname command 
hostnames
    completion by shells 
    for IP address, finding with dig -x 
    mapped to IP addresses by DNS 
    NETBIOS 
    in shell prompts 
        multiline C-shell prompt 
    showing with who am i command 
hosts
    .cshrc.$HOST file for per host setup 
    trusted-host authentication on SSH 
hosts.equiv file 
HTML 
    converted into PostScript 
    editing files with batch editing script 
    file extensions 
htmllib and HTMLParser modules 
HTMLParser module 
HTTP
    Emacs facility for 
    URI protocol types 
hung terminals, fixing 
    aborting programs 
    output stopped by HOLD SCREEN or SCROLL LOCK button 
    program waiting for input 
    stalled data connection 
    stopped jobs, checking for 
HUP (hangup) signals  2nd 
    ignoring with nohup command 
hyphen , under symbols)  [See - (dash]
HZ constant, frequency of system time updates

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i-number (inodes) 
i-numbers
    deleting files by 
I/O-bound processes 
    nice command, effect of 
ICA client, installing 
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)  2nd 
    diagnostic and traffic control messages 
icons
    navigation, for resources shared with SMB network 
    text, setting for xterms 
IDE (Integrated Development Environment), Emacs as 
identifiers  [See also entries under identifier names]
    group ID (GID) 
    process ID (PID) 
    user IDs (UIDs) 
identity, Python objects 
if (! $?prompt) exit test 
if command (awk) 
if statements
    \: used as do-nothing place filler 
    debugging 
    syntax for Bourne shell 
    test command, using with 
    testing exit status with 
    in xmessage command line 
if-then-else loops
    cgrep script, using in 
    csh aliases, use in 
    Perl scripts, using in 
if/else block, testing multiple conditionals in 
ifconfig tool  2nd  3rd 
IFS (internal field separator) shell variable 
ignoreeof variable 
ignoring filenames in ls command listing 
@INC array (Perl) 
    module paths in 
incremental backups 
incremental searches in Emacs 
indentation
    in Bourne shell scripts with <<- operator 
    Perl script for text 
    in Python scripts 
index command (awk) 
indexes
    Bourne shell arrays 
    C shell arrays 
    hashes 
industrial strength backups 
inequality
    != operator 
    ne operator 
inetd daemon 
    disabling for security reasons 
    Expect scripts with 
    running Samba daemons 
infinite loops
    tail -f command, creating with 
info command 
inheritance
    process information 
    variables 
_ _init_ _( ) method (Python classes) 
init program  2nd  3rd 
    collecting child processes after parent exits 
initialization files (Emacs) 
initializing new cvsroot 
inodes  2nd 
    -ctime (change time) operator, using with find 
    file permissions in 
    i-numbers for parent directory entries 
    information in 
    ls -c command for 
    ls -i command, listing number for each directory entry 
    tar utility and 
input  [See input/output standard input]
input events 
input/output (I/O)  [See also standard error; standard input; stardard output]
    checking statistics for security problems 
    find command -print0 option 
    output from at command, quieting 
    output from background jobs, stopping 
    output from command, sending to nohup.out file 
    piping shell loop output to pager 
    Python 
    redirecting  [See redirecting input and output]
    redirecting for programs 
    stopped terminal output, debugging 
INPUTRC environment variable 
inputrc file
    customizing bash editing in 
insert command (ex) 
insert mode for pasting text 
insertion mode (Emacs) 
installing
    Python 
installing Perl 
installing software 
    /usr/bin and other directories for 
    challenges of 
    curl application, using 
    Debian apt-get tool, using 
        configuring sources.list file 
    Debian dselect tool, using 
        access method, choosing 
        choosing packages for installation or removal 
        configuring packages 
        exiting 
        exiting select function 
        installing packages 
        removing packages 
        updating information on available packages 
    FreeBSD packages, using 
    FreeBSD Ports, using 
    GNU wget utility, using 
    make utility, problems with differing versions 
    RPM, using 
    simplifying the make process 
instance of an object, application resources associated with 
instance variables (Python) 
instances of Python classes 
INT (interrupt) signal 
    killing processes waiting for NFS resources 
    sending with CTRL-c command 
int command (awk) 
Integrated Development Environment (IDE), Emacs as 
interactive command-line editing  2nd 
    bash 
    Emacs editing mode 
    ksh (Korn shell) 
    tcsh shell 
    vi editing mode 
    zsh shell 
interactive commands 
interactive logins
    starting remote X clients from 
interactive mode for shells 
interactive programs
    controlling with Expect program 
    nice command and 
    testing with Expect 
interactive renaming of files 
interactive shells  2nd  3rd 
    Bourne shell
        ENV environment variable 
    setup files, reading at different times 
interactive spell checking 
interation in loops 
intergers in Perl 
internal commands 
internal field separator (IFS) shell variable 
Internet 
Internet Control Message Protocol  [See ICMP]
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) 
Internet Protocol (IP) 
interoperability
    POSIX standard 
interpolating variables 
interpretation of commands by shells  [See commands]
interpreted languages 
interpreter
    Python 
interpreter, perl 
interrupt characters, setting 
interrupting commands
    in a string of commands separated by semicolons 
interrupting jobs 
interrupts
    shell scripts, trapping exits caused by 
intr key 
intruder detection 
invalid symbolic links 
invisible files 
IP (Internet Protocol)
    addresses
        DHCP and 
        displaying with dig 
        mapping hostnames to 
        network devices 
        private network addresses and 
    addresses and ports 
        addresses 
        ports 
    IP masquerading on Linux 
    TCP, UDP, and ICMP with 
    Version 4 (IPv4) 
    Version 6 (IPv6) 
IP Control Message Protocol  [See ICMP]
irc utility 
IRIX systems
    restricted shell (rsh) 
isc-dhcpd daemon 
ispell program 
iterating
    through arrays 
    through key-value pairs in hashes 
    through list elements with foreach 
iterating shell variables over arguments

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Java
    applet VNC client 
    HOBLink JWT (RDP client) 
jiffies (hundredths of a second) 
job control  2nd 
    autowrite and 
    basics of 
        how it works 
        using from your shell 
    Linux virtual consoles, use in 
    potential problems with 
    process groups 
    remote login sessions, stopping 
    running background jobs without 
    shell features for 
    STOP signal, using to stop forking processes 
job numbers
    putting job into foreground or background with 
job numbers, assignment to background processes 
jobs 
    at command, checking and removing 
    at command, making quiet 
    current job  2nd 
    deciding when to run 
    effective use of 
    foreground
        killing 
    killing by process ID number 
    notification of changed job state 
    output from background jobs, stopping 
    previous job 
    running without job control 
    stopping to relieve overloaded system 
    terminating or stopping, control keys for 
jobs command  2nd  3rd 
    stopped jobs, checking for 
join command 
jot utility
    commands, repeating with 
Joy, Bill

[SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]

kernel 
    backing up 
    daemons 
    relationship with shell, utilities, and applications 
    running scripts from  2nd 
        env command, using 
        script filename as argument 
    scheduler program 
    signals and 
    starting processes 
    statistics on (/proc/stat file) 
kernel boot output for 
kernels
    boot output, reading 
    configuration 
    modules for device drivers 
    PPP code in 
    recompiling to turn on IP forwarding 
Kernighan, Brian 
key bindings
    bindkey command 
    to built-in Emacs editor functions in Korn shell 
key bindings in Emacs 
    for incremental searches 
key definitions 
key mappings
    .exrc file for vi editor, saving in 
key-value pairs for hashes 
keybindings
    zsh command-line editing 
keyboard macros, Emacs 
keyboard shortcuts
    command completion in Emacs 
    vi map commands  2nd 
keycode keyword 
keymap table, maintained by X server 
keymapping 
keymaps, vi  [See also map commands, vi]
    cursor motion in text-input mode without arrow keys 
    further examples of 
    noremap command and 
    pasting text into window system running vi 
    protecting from interpretation by ex 
    for repeated edits 
    repeating 
keys
    defining with xmodmap 
    public/private key pair for encrypted information 
keys function (Perl) 
keys, cryptographic
    SSH, problems with 
keysym mappings 
keysyms
    debugging 
kill 9 command 
kill character, @ (at sign) as 
kill command  2nd 
    %num 
    -l option, signals for 
    -STOP $$ 
    aborting programs 
    closing window by killing its processes 
        shell script, using 
        web browser (example) 
        xterm window (example) 
    hung window or process in a window, killing 
    jobs, killing by job number 
    KILL or 9 option 
    killall -i 
    killing all processes 
    killing processes by name 
    pid 
    process ID-1 and 
    restarting daemons 
    stopping jobs on overloaded system 
    unkillable processes 
    user ID and 
    zap script, using 
kill key 
KILL signal  2nd 
killall command, i (interactive) option 
ksh (Korn shell)  2nd 
    .profile file 
    alias command 
    aliases  2nd  3rd 
    arrays 
        expanding ranges 
    bgnice option 
    command history  [See history of commands]
    command-line arguments in shell scripts 
    command-line editing 
    completion features 
    dynamic prompts, simulating 
    ENV variable 
    environment variables 
    fc -l command, listing previous commands with 
    FPATH search path for shell functions 
    globbing (wildcard expansion), preventing 
    history file 
    ignoreeof variable 
    job control commands 
    limiting file size 
    logging out of 
    logout, running commands at 
    parsing strings, using set and IFS 
    passing command history to 
    prompt, setting 
    prompts
        nonprinting characters in 
    read-only functions 
    reading arguments 
    redirecting standard I/O 
    scripts in this book 
    shell functions for pushd and popd commands 
    special characters/operators in 
    string editing operators 
    terminal port type, putting into ttykind shell variable 
    ulimit -c command, removing limits on core dumps 
    wildcards, failing to match

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la function 
lambda statement (Python) 
lambda statements (Python)
    as function arguments 
last access time for files 
    deleting files by 
last line of a file (ed and sed), referring to with $ 
last modification time for files  2nd  [See also timestamps]
last operator (Perl) 
lastcomm command 
    piping output or redirecting to a file 
LATEX 
Layer 3 Internet Protocol (IP) 
Layer 4 protocols  2nd 
lc operator 
LDAP server for system passwords 
leave function 
length command (awk) 
lensort script 
less command
    highlighting matched patterns 
    zless, for compressed files 
less program  2nd  3rd 
    -N option, numbering lines with 
    -s option for squashing extra blank lines 
    PAGER environment variable 
    piping ls command output to 
    piping to 
less than (<) operator  2nd 
less than or equal to (<=) operator 
lesskey program 
letter-sized pages 
letters, ASCII class for 
lexical analyzer (lex) 
lf function  2nd 
libraries
    Perl modules
        using in scripts 
    shell functions 
licenses
    Citrix 
    Microsoft, in a WTS environment 
lightweight varieties of Unix 
limit and ulimit system calls 
line #\: ;; unexpected error 
line command 
line commands in vi 
line editors  [See batch editing]
line function 
line numbers
    resetting 
    in sed addresses 
line termination characters  [See newlines]
line termination in Python 
line-by-line and search using sed, awk, or perl 
linefeeds (Unix), ASCII character for 
lines
    addressing for batch editing 
    comparing for uniqueness 
    counting with wc command 
    deleting duplicate
        Perl script, using 
    deleting duplicates 
    deleting in Emacs 
    joining with join command 
    macro for wrapping in vi editor 
    numbering in file printout 
    sorting by length 
LINES and COLUMNS environment variables 
    resizing/resetting for windows 
lines of text retained by scrollbar 
Lingua\:\:EN\:\:NameParse Perl module 
link count 
linking files  2nd 
    creating and removing links 
    directories, linking 
    directory, links to 
    filenames for symbolic links, showing 
    hard links 
    hard links vs. symbolic links 
    reasons for 
    symbolic links 
        stale 
linkname, ln command and 
links
    -links operator (find command) 
    copying 
    disk space and 
    to .exrc files 
    to filenames  2nd 
    to files
        inodes and 
    hard links
        finding to files 
    optimizing disk space with 
    to programs  2nd 
    tar -l command, printing messages about hard links 
    unlinking in Perl 
Linux  2nd 
    /proc filesystem 
    adding users to system 
    automount daemons and devfsd for removable media 
    backups to a local device 
        compression, advantages/disadvantages of 
        deciding what to back up 
        floppies or zip disks 
        tape 
        utilities for 
    bash shell 
    color names, displaying with GNU ls command 
    Debian Linux
        apt-get tool 
        dselect tool for accessing dpkg installation package 
        kernel boot output for devices 
        single-user mode 
    devices on PCIbus, showing 
    disk partitions 
    displaying latest entries from kernel ring buffer 
    enabling gatewaying 
    groups, changing primary with newgrp 
    HOWTO for kernel configuration 
    HOWTO for serial consoles 
    HZ constant for system time updates 
    ifconfig file output 
    info command 
    installing software with RPM 
    IP masquerading 
    ipconfig and route files (2.4 kernels) 
    listing all processes running on 
    loadkeys command  2nd 
        system-level changes to key mappings 
    mounting SMB drives onto their local filesystems with smbmnt 
    netstart, displaying routing information with 
    nvi-1.79 editor, locking files before editing 
    OpenSSH 
    port, testing for 
    Python, inclusion of 
    Red Hat and Debian, shortcut to creating periodic processes 
    Red Hat Linux
        /contrib directory, sshd.pam file 
        /proc filesystem (in Version 6.2) 
        adduser (or useradd) utility 
        Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), support of 
        installing chroot with anonftp-* (RPM) 
        performance issues, shell as interpreter 
        single user mode, accessing 
    route command 
    security, web site information on 
    signal 15 (termination) 
    sound card configuration 
    TCP wrappers 
    USB devices on 
    virtual consoles  2nd 
        switching between 
        tty-type, scrolling, and copy and paste operations 
    virtual machine running Windows 
LISP programming language
    Emacs customization 
lists 
    references to 
ln command 
    -s option 
    s option 
lndir program 
load averages, system 
load option (xrdb) 
loadkeys command 
local command 
local crontab entries 
local dictionary files 
local programs 
LOCAL_OPTIONS option (zsh) 
locate command  2nd 
    database for 
    shell wildcards, matching 
    updating database for 
lockfiles, creating 
locking files (RCS) 
log command (awk) 
log files
    CVS 
    CVS, examining for conflicting changes 
    disk space and 
    global alias for in zsh 
    monitoring with tail -f 
    smb.conf, settings for 
log-file-monitoring programs
    tail -f 
LOGDIR environment variable  2nd 
logging (xterm), elimination for security reasons 
logging in 
    changing login sequence 
logging out
    background processes in Bourne shells, avoiding termination of 
    by killing user's login shell 
logical expressions, evaluating 
logical operators 
login command 
login shells  2nd  3rd 
    bash 
    C shell, setting up 
    command search table, resetting for scripts 
    killing 
    Korn shell 
    setup files 
    setup files, contents of 
    SHELL environment variable 
    xterm or rxvt, running on 
    zsh shell, setting up 
login(l) command, system-wide setup 
logins
    disabling 
    external root login access 
    interactive
        starting remote X clients from 
    procedure for terminals (non-network) 
    remote
        stopping sessions 
    root 
    shells disallowing 
    terminal hangs during 
loginsh variable (tcsh shell) 
loginshell variable, setting 
LOGNAME environment variable 
logout command (C shell) 
logout files, creating for Bourne and Korn shells 
logouts
    accidental, from Bourne shells 
    bash shell 
long listing (-l option) 
long listing, ls -l command 
look command  2nd 
    df options 
lookfor shell script 
loopback mounts 
loops 
    alias definition 
    basename and dirname used with 
    controlling with break and continue  2nd 
    endless 
    exit status of 
    for loops in Bourne-type shells, repeating commands with 
    foreach loops, repeating commands with variations 
    if-then-else, putting in C shell aliases 
    iterating through arrays 
    parameters for 
    in Perl scripts 
        flow-control operators 
    redirected input/output, line numbers reset in 
    running command and testing exit status 
    in shell functions 
loosely typed language 
lp command 
    LPDEST environment variable 
lpc commands 
    exit 
    help 
    restart 
    status 
lpd daemon 
    filter scripts 
    running files through filter 
LPDEST environment variable 
lpq command 
lpr command 
    for loop, using with 
    PRINTER environment variable 
    printing 10 file copies, shortcut for 
lprm command 
lpstat command 
lr alias 
ls command 
    -- color option 
    -A option 
        filenames beginning with . (dot) 
    -b option
        listing filenames with nonASCII characters 
        printing octal values of nonprinting characters 
    -c option 
    -C option (output in columns) 
    -d option (listing directories) 
    -F (tcsh built-in)  2nd 
    -i option 
    -il option 
    -l option  2nd 
        character count for files 
        checking startup files for ownership 
        file permissions and 
        file permissions, listing  2nd 
        listing files by last modification time 
    -lai option 
    -lg option 
    -Q (quoting) option 
    -q option
        converting nonprinting characters to ? 
        nonASCII characters 
    -R option (listing subdirectories) 
    -s option 
    -t option 
    -u option 
    aa option 
    aliases for 
        -C option 
        -F option with 
        -la (for ls -a or -A) 
        ll (for ls -l) 
        lr 
    color, displaying names in 
        -G option 
    filenames and 
    find command, using with 
    GNU 
    piping output to wc command 
    shell functions with options 
    System V Unix, nonprinting characters and 
ls flag (for login shell) 
LS_COLORS environment variable  2nd 
    setting with dircolors command 
LSCOLORS environment variable 
lt operator (Perl) 
LyX editor

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m (ending escape sequence) 
m (map) option (tset command) 
m command, marking place in vi editor 
M-x in Emacs  [See ESC-x in Emacs]
MAC (Ethernet) address 
Mac OS X 
    Darwin 
        downloading and installing One-Step 
        enabling root access to 
    passwords, storing 
    SSH on 
    swap space, checking contents of /var/vm with ls 
    Terminal application 
        color capabilities 
        command-k to delete scrollback buffer 
    user and group management through Netinfo 
Macintosh
    carriage returns in text files, translating to newlines 
    keyboards, CTRL and CAPS LOCK 
    Microsoft Word file, converting for Unix 
macros
    Emacs 
    troff -man 
magic-space tcsh editor function 
mail 
    directory for 
    Emacs facility 
    headers, removing with behead script 
    permissions for files 
    SMTP (Simple Message Transfer Protocol) 
mail exchanger (MX) records  2nd 
    stored by DNS 
mail program 
    \ (backslash) before history characters 
    redirecting input for 
    redirecting standard error to 
    sending yourself email copy of fortune 
    shortcut for multiple addresses 
Mail User Agents (MUAs or UAs) 
mailboxes, disk space and 
mailto utility 
Main Options menu (xterm) 
make utility 
    configuring source code 
    installing Samba 
    make clean command 
    make distclean command 
    software installation problems with differing versions 
makealias command 
Makefile.in (configure file) 
Makefiles (or makefiles) 
    for NIS 
    for Perl 
makewhatis utility 
man command 
    command-line options 
MANPATH environment variable  2nd 
    adding 
manual pages
    formatted with nroff commands 
    locating for a program 
    MANPATH environment variable 
    Perl
        perldata manpage for variable interpolation 
        on Unix system 
    searching 
    for shell prompts 
    types of 
map commands, vi  2nd  [See also keymaps, vi]
    arrow key mappings in text-input mode, disadvantages of 
    command mode maps 
    text-input mode maps 
        | (vertical bar), quoting in 
        arrow keys, mapping 
        disabling temporarily 
map( ) function 
mappings, keyboard events at server level  [See keysym mappings]
mark command 
markup languages 
master password file 
master word list, ispell program 
match command (awk) 
matching  [See grep commands pattern matching regular expressions]
max log size directive (smb.conf) 
maxdepth operator (find command) 
maximum file size, setting in shells 
memory
    information about from meminfo file 
    virtual memory statistics, checking 
menu completion 
menu prompts 
menus
    xterm 
merge option (xrdb) 
merging files
    in CVS 
    in RCS 
Message Transfer Agents (MTAs) 
    MX records, use of 
META key in Emacs  [See ESC-x in Emacs]
metacharacters
    . (dot)
        csplit search patterns, escaping in 
    display by cat -v command 
    displayed by od -c 
    in regular expressions
        ^ and $ anchor characters  2nd  3rd  4th 
        . (dot), matching any character with 
        examples of use 
        Perl 
        search and replace commands for sed or ex 
        valid metacharacters for different Unix programs 
    shell 
    in shells 
    wildcard pattern matching in case statements 
    in X event translations 
Metaframe (Citrix)  2nd 
Metamail utilities 
methods 
    Python 
Microsoft
    licensing, strictness of 
    security 
    Windows  [See Windows]
    Word (Macintosh) file, converting to Unix 
MIME encoding 
mimencode utility 
minus sign , under Symbols)  [See - (dash]
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 
mkdir (2) system call, adding directories and their hard links 
mkdir command  2nd 
    history substitution 
    m option 
    p (parents) option 
mkfifo command 
mod_python module  2nd 
modem input, written with send 
modem output, reading by expect 
modems  2nd 
    personal LAN over, gatewaying from 
    testing with Expect program 
modems, checking for stalled data connections 
modes
    access permissions after chmod 
    editing modes in Emacs 
    for directories 
    xterm menus, setting with 
modification times for files 
    -mtime operator (find command) 
    csh alias to list recently changed 
    finding files by 
    listing newest file 
    sorting files by (ls -t) 
modifiers (in regular expressions) 
modifiers for patterns 
modules
    kernel, for device drivers 
    PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) 
    Perl
        Audio\:\:SoundFile 
        CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) 
        use module statement in scripts 
    Python  2nd 
        cgi 
        checking your version for 
        htmllib and HTMLParser  2nd 
        mod_python 
        urllib 
        urllib2  2nd 
modulus (%) operator 
month order, sorting in 
more command
    case-insensitive searches, faking 
more program 
    -s option for squashing extra blank lines 
    PAGER environment variable 
    piping to 
    sed output, displaying 
    starting 
MOTD, security and 
mount command 
    loop option 
mounting
    Network File System 
mounting filesystems  2nd 
    Network File System 
mouse
    copy and past in tty-type virtual terminals with 
    Emacs editors, not having to use in 
mouse for xterms 
move command (ex) 
moving blocks of text delimited by patterns 
moving files and directories 
    between filesystems 
    file, moving into another directory 
moving text with vi editor 
Mozilla browser, closing window by killing its processes 
mt command 
MTAs  [See Message Transfer Agents]
mtr (MattÕs traceroute) 
MUAs (Mail User Agents) 
multiline commands
    secondary prompts and 
    sed editor 
multiline quoting, Bourne shell 
multiline replacement strings, sed editor 
multiline shell prompts 
multiple-line patterns, grep using sed 
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions  [See MIME encoding]
munchlist script 
mutliprocessing on Unix 
mv command 
    -f option 
    file ownership and 
    i option 
    modifying file without write permission 
    renaming files 
    renaming groups of files and 
MX  [See mail exchanger record]
mx function 
my operator (Perl variable declaration)

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